Table Of ContentBecoming a Breech Expert (BABE®) Course
AMaRE Australia
th
5 Edition
2015
BABE Course: AMaRE Australia (2015)
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Becoming a Breech Expert (BABE®) Course Manual
Advanced Maternity & Reproductive Education (AMaRE) Australia
5th Edition 2015
The BABE® course was developed by a group of obstetricians, midwives and consumers as part of
the AMaRE Australia suite of education programs.
The BABE course is administered by AMaRE Australia which is a not‐for‐profit organisation. AMaRE
Australia is run by a seven‐person Board who are all volunteers. The members of the instructor
Faculty are also all volunteers. The Board and the Faculty have assisted in the development of this
course.
The BABE course can be claimed for Continuing Professional Development points (RACGP has
approved 40 Category 1 points, RANZCOG has approved 8 C points) or you can claim at least 8
MidPLUS points with ACM (plus time for pre‐reading).
Completion of the BABE course does not license participants to practice beyond the scope defined
by their relevant registration boards and professional bodies.
Disclaimer
The Board and Faculty of AMaRE Australia have made considerable efforts to ensure that the
content of the course is accurate and up to date. Users of the information presented in the course
are strongly recommended to consult independent sources and local resources, for confirmation.
The Board and Faculty accept no responsibility for any inaccuracies, information perceived as
misleading, or the outcomes of using any management strategies that are presented in the course.
Contributors to the 1st Edition of the BABE Course Manual
Name Discipline
(in alphabetical order)
Jyai Allen Consumer and Midwife
Andrew Bisits Obstetrician
Helen Cooke Midwife
Warwick Giles Obstetrician
Caroline Homer Midwife
Mandy Hunter Midwife
Henry Murray Obstetrician
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Karol Petrovska Consumer
Anne Sneddon Obstetrician
Rhonda Tombros Consumer
AMaRE Australia/ALSO Asia Pacific Board
Anne Sneddon, James Lie, Helen Cooke, Andrew Bisits, Kevin Stanton, Teoni McHale, Caroline Homer
Contact details
AMaRE Australia
c/o Mayhem Corporation Pty Ltd
ABN: 86 092 862 229
Address: Level 1, 4 ‐ 6 Park Lane, Caringbah NSW 2229
Phone: (02) 9531 5655
Fax: (02) 8209 4949
Recommended citation
AMaRE Australia (2015) Becoming a Breech Expert (BABE) Course Manual. 5th Edition. AMaRE
Australia, Sydney.
Acknowledgements
Some of the teaching materials used in the BABE course were taken with permission from the Hands
off the Breech Conference and Workshop held in Sydney in December 2012. This was organized by
Professor Sally Tracy and her team at the Midwifery and Women's Health Research Unit, University
of Sydney and Dr Andrew Bisits from the Royal Hospital for Women in Sydney in conjunction with
Women's Hospitals Australasia (WHA).
We thank Karin Ecker who filmed the entire proceedings of the conference and workshop. In the
BABE course, we have used sections from these films with permission and sincere thanks.
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Table of Contents
BABE Course Program _______________________________________________________ 6
Chapter 1: Breech presentation and breech birth – the evidence _____________________ 7
Objectives ______________________________________________________________________ 7
Epidemiology ___________________________________________________________________ 7
Causes of breech presentation _____________________________________________________ 9
The evidence about vaginal breech birth _____________________________________________ 9
Changes in practice and outcomes since the TBT ___________________________________________ 10
Studies supporting the safety of vaginal breech birth ________________________________________ 11
National and international guidelines ______________________________________________ 13
Australia ___________________________________________________________________________ 13
United Kingdom _____________________________________________________________________ 14
United States ________________________________________________________________________ 15
Canada _____________________________________________________________________________ 15
Providing women with the evidence _______________________________________________ 15
Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 16
Chapter 2: Breech presentation and breech birth _________________________________ 18
Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 18
Definitions ____________________________________________________________________ 18
The fetal head and the maternal pelvis _____________________________________________ 19
Diagnosing a malpresentation ____________________________________________________ 19
Antenatal care of women with a breech presentation _________________________________ 20
Postural options for women with a breech presentation _____________________________________ 20
Moxibuston _________________________________________________________________________ 20
The Webster Technique _______________________________________________________________ 21
External Cephalic Version (ECV) _________________________________________________________ 21
Labour and birth _______________________________________________________________ 21
Positions for birth ____________________________________________________________________ 22
The mechanism of the birth ____________________________________________________________ 22
When is assistance required? ___________________________________________________________ 24
Forceps ____________________________________________________________________________ 25
Rare difficult situations in a breech birth __________________________________________________ 26
Principles in an unexpected vaginal breech birth ____________________________________________ 27
After the birth _________________________________________________________________ 27
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Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 27
Chapter 3: Critique of the Term Breech Trial _____________________________________ 29
Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 29
Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 29
Issues with the Term Breech Trial __________________________________________________ 29
Critiques of the Term Breech Trial _________________________________________________ 30
Follow‐up data _________________________________________________________________ 32
Useful learning points from the TBT ________________________________________________ 32
Conclusion ____________________________________________________________________ 33
Chapter 4: External Cephalic Version for Breech Presentation ______________________ 34
Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 34
Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 34
Timing of ECV __________________________________________________________________ 34
Factors associated with successful ECV _____________________________________________ 35
Complications _________________________________________________________________ 35
Contraindications to ECV _________________________________________________________ 36
Procedure for External Cephalic Version ____________________________________________ 36
Recommendations ______________________________________________________________ 38
Chapter 5: Care of the woman planning vaginal breech birth _______________________ 39
Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 39
Physiological differences between cephalic and breech presentation ____________________ 39
Criteria for making vaginal birth possible: ___________________________________________ 40
Induction of labour _____________________________________________________________ 41
Augmentation of labour _________________________________________________________ 41
Care in the first stage of labour ___________________________________________________ 42
Fetal monitoring _____________________________________________________________________ 42
Managing pain in labour _______________________________________________________________ 43
Care in the second stage of labour _________________________________________________ 43
Positions for second stage _____________________________________________________________ 44
Positions for birth ____________________________________________________________________ 44
Episiotomy __________________________________________________________________________ 44
Fetal monitoring in the second stage _____________________________________________________ 44
Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 45
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Chapter 6: Women’s views and experiences _____________________________________ 46
Matilda’s birth _________________________________________________________________ 46
Vaginal Breech Birth: From Doubt to Decision _______________________________________ 52
Elsa’s birth: Caesarean after trial of labour __________________________________________ 56
Vaginal breech birth: Driving interstate to access supportive public maternity care _________ 63
The importance of ‘having a go’ ‐ A caesarean after labour _____________________________ 69
Chapter 7: Setting up a breech service _________________________________________ 74
Objectives _____________________________________________________________________ 74
Introduction ___________________________________________________________________ 74
Maternity carers _____________________________________________________________________ 74
Planned elective vaginal breech birth ______________________________________________ 75
The Breech Score ____________________________________________________________________ 77
Discussing vaginal breech birth _________________________________________________________ 78
Training for obstetricians and midwives ____________________________________________ 78
Review and audit _______________________________________________________________ 79
Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 79
Resources for women and clinicians ___________________________________________ 80
References _______________________________________________________________ 84
Slides used in the BABE Course _______________________________________________ 87
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BABE Course Program
TIME LECTURES/WORKSTATIONS ALLOTTED TIME
8:00 – 8:10 Welcome – aim of course, confidentiality, copyright 15 minutes
8:10 – 8:30 Breech presentation in many settings today (video) 15 minutes
8:30 – 9:00 Lecture 1: Communicating the evidence 30 minutes
9:00 – 9:20 Lecture 2: External cephalic version 20 minutes
9.20‐10.00 Lecture 3: Mechanics of vaginal breech birth 40 minutes
10.00 – 10.20 MORNING TEA 20 minutes
10.20 – 11.00 Lecture 4: The reality of breech birth 40 minutes
11.00‐11.20 Lecture 5: Consumer perspectives 20 minutes
11.20 – 12.10 Lecture 6: Dealing with the unexpected 45 minutes
12.10 – 12.55 LUNCH 45 minutes
12.55 ‐ 1.25 Lecture 7: Setting up the birth space 30 minutes
1.25 – 2.20 WORKSTATIONS 1 55 minutes
Normal breech Red Group
Complicated breech Blue Group
Counselling women Yellow Group
2.20 – 2.25 Changeover
2.25 – 3.20 WORKSTATIONS 2 55 minutes
Normal breech Blue Group
Complicated breech Yellow Group
Counselling women Red Group
3.20 – 3.40 AFTERNOON TEA 20 minutes
3.40 ‐ 4:35 WORKSTATIONS 3 55 minutes
Normal breech Yellow Group
Complicated breech Red Group
Counselling women Blue Group
4:35‐4:55 Lecture 8: Requirements for a safe vaginal breech service 20 minutes
4:55‐5.00 Finish
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Chapter 1: Breech presentation and breech birth – the evidence
Chapter written by Andrew Bisits, Caroline Homer and Rhonda Tombros
Objectives
At the end of this chapter participants will be able to understand the:
epidemiology of breech birth
the causes of breech presentation
evidence and debate about the evidence
international guidelines in relation to breech birth
Epidemiology
In a breech presentation, the fetal breech or buttocks present in the birth canal with the head lying
in the uterine fundus. Breech presentations may be classified as:
Frank breech: hips flexed and legs extended over the anterior surface of the body ‐ occurring
in 45‐50% of breeches.
Complete breech: hips and legs flexed ‐ occurring in 10 to 15% of breeches.
Footling breech: one or both hips and knees extended with one or both feet presenting ‐
occurring in 35‐45% of babies in a breech presentation.
In Australia in 2012 (the most recent data available), the predominant presentation at birth was
vertex (95.8%). Breech presentation, the presentation occurred for 3.4% of women. Of the 11,557
women with a breech presentation, 92.2% were singleton pregnancies and 7.8% were multiple
pregnancies where the first baby born had a breech presentation [1].
Currently, in Australia and New Zealand, most women with a breech presentation give birth by
caesarean section. Of babies with breech presentations at birth in 2012, 87.0% were born by
caesarean section. This ranged from 77.1% in Tasmania to 88.6% in South Australia and the
Australian Capital Territory. The remaining babies were born vaginally [1] (Table 1).
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Table 1: Babies with breech presentations, by method of birth and state and territory, 2012 [1]
Mode of NSW Vic(a) Qld WA SA Tas(b) ACT(c) NT Total
birth
Number
Vaginal(d) 513 467 362 181 110 36 32 21 1,722
CS 3,166 3,076 2,604 1,354 854 121 248 132 11,555
Total 3,681 3,543 2,966 1,535 964 157 280 153 13.279
Percent
Vaginal(d) 13.9 13.2 12.2 11.8 11.4 22.9 11.4 13.7 13.0
CS 86.0 86.8 87.8 88.2 88.6 77.1 86.6 86.3 87.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
(a) Data provided by Vic are provisional.
(b) For Tas, presentations via caesarean births were not reported by hospitals still using the paper-based form, so care must be taken when
interpreting these data. Presentations via caesarean births will be included in the paper-based form from 1 January 2013.
(c) In 2012, 14.2% of women who gave birth in the ACT were non-ACT residents. Therefore care must be taken when comparing percentages
between jurisdictions.
(d) Includes instrumental vaginal births.
In 2012, of singleton babies born at term with breech presentations, most were born by CS. Of
singleton babies born at term with breech presentations, 95.4% were born by caesarean section.
Over three‐quarters of all term singleton breech births were delivered by caesarean section without
labour (77.9%) [1] (Table 2).
Table 2: Singleton term babies with breech presentations, by method of birth and state and territory, 2012 [1]
Mode of birth NSW Vic(a) Qld WA SA Tas(b) ACT(c) NT Total
Number
Vaginal(d) 113 98 95 25 23 5 8 7 374
CS 2,361 2,001 1,662 903 571 85 158 83 7,824
Labour 408 333 344 159 122 14 36 19 1,435
No labour 1,953 1,668 1,318 744 449 71 122 64 6,389
Total 2,474 2,099 1,757 928 594 90 166 90 8,198
Percent
Vaginal(d) 4.6 4.7 5.4 2.7 3.9 5.6 4.8 7.8 4.6
CS 95.4 95.3 94.6 97.3 96.1 94.4 95.2 92.2 95.4
Labour 16.5 15.9 19.6 17.1 20.5 15.6 21.7 21.1 17.5
No labour 78.9 79.5 75.0 81.6 80.2 75.6 78.9 71.1 77.9
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
(a) Data provided by Vic are provisional.
(b) For Tas, presentations via caesarean births were not reported by hospitals still using the paper-based form, so care must be taken when
interpreting these data. Presentations via caesarean births will be included in the paper-based form from 1 January 2013.
(c) In 2012, 14.2% of women who gave birth in the ACT were non-ACT residents. Therefore care must be taken when comparing percentages
between jurisdictions.
(d) Includes instrumental vaginal births.
Prematurity is commonly associated with a breech. As the baby approaches term, the incidence of
breech drops to three to four percent (Table 3).
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Description:The BABE course can be claimed for Continuing Professional Development found that moxibustion did not reduce the number of non-cephalic