Alzheimer’s Disease: Lessons from Cell Biology

260 Pages·1995·6.75 MB·English

by  E. Grote

RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Fondation Ipsen
Editor
Yves Christen, Fondation Ipsen, Paris (France)
Editorial Board
Yves Agid, Hopital Pitie Salpetriere, Paris (France)
Albert Aguayo, McGill University, Montreal (Canada)
Luigi Amaducci, University of Florence, Florence (Italy)
Brian H. Anderton, Institute of Psychiatry, London (GB)
Raymond T. Bartus, Alkermes, Cambridge (USA)
Anders Bjorklund, University of Lund (Sweden)
Floyd Bloom, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La lolla (USA)
Franr;ois Boller, Inserm U 324, Paris (France)
Carl Cotman, University of California, Irvine (USA)
Peter Davies. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York (USA)
Andre Delacourte, Insterm U 156, Lille (France)
Steven Ferris, New York University Medical Center, New York (USA)
Jean-Franr;ois Foncin, Hopital Pitie Salpetriere, Paris (France)
Franr;oise Forette, Hopital Broca, Paris (France)
Fred Gage, University of California, La Jolla (USA)
Carleton D. Gajdusek, National Institute of Health, Bethesda (USA)
George G. Glenner, University of California, La lolla (USA)
Dmitry Goldgaber, State University of New York Stone Brook (USA)
John Hardy, University of South Florida, Tampa (USA)
Jean-Jaques Hauw, Hopital Pitie Salpetriere, Paris (France)
Claude Kordon, Inserm U 159, Paris (France)
Kenneth S. Kosik, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological
Diseases and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (USA)
Yvon Lamour, Inserm U 161, Paris (France)
Jacques Mallet, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
Colin L. Masters, University of Melbourne, Parkville (Australia)
Stanley l. Rapoport, National Institute of Aging, Bethesda (USA)
Andre Rascol, Hopital Purpan, Toulouse (France)
Barry Reisberg, New York University Medical Center, New York (USA)
Allen Roses, Duke University Medical Center, Durham (USA)
Dennis 1. Selkoe, Harvard Medical School, Center for Neurological
Diseases and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (USA)
Michael L. Shelanski, Columbia University, New York (USA)
Pierre-Marie Sinet, Hopital Necker, Paris (France)
Peter St George-Hyslop, University of Toronto, Toronto (Canada)
Robert Terry, University of California, La lolla (USA)
Henry Wisniewski, Institute for Basic Research in Development Disabilities,
Staten Island (USA)
Edouard Zarijian, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Caen (France)
K.S. Kosik Y. Christen
D.1. Selkoe
(Eds.)
Alzheimer's Disease:
Lessons from Cell Biology
With 60 Figures and 4 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris
Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Kosik, K.S., M.D.
Associate Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience
Harvard Medical School
Brigham and Women's Hospital
221 Longwood Avenue
Boston, MA 02115
USA
Christen, Y., Ph.D.
Fondation IPSEN
24, rue Erlanger
75781 Paris
France
Selkoe, D.J., M.D.
Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience
Harvard Medical School
Brigham and Women's Hospital
221 Longwood A venue
Boston, MA 02115
USA
ISBN-13 : 978-3-642-79425-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Alzheimer's disease: lessons from cell biology/K.S.
Kosik. Y. Christen, D.l. Selkoe (eds.). p. cm. - (Research and perspectives in Alzheimer's disease)
Proceedings of the Tenth Colloque medecine et recherche held in Paris on April 25, 1994. Includes
bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13 :978-3-642-79425-4 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-79423-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-79423-0 1. Alzheimer's disease-
Pathophysiology - Congresses. 2. Alzheimer's disease - Molecular aspects - Congresses. I. Kosik, K.S.
(Kenneth S.), 1950- . II. Christen, Yves. III. Selkoe, Dennis l. IV. Colloque medecine et recherche
(10th: 1994: Paris, France) V. Series. [DNLM: 1. Alzheimer's Disease - physiopathology - congresses.
WM 220 A4753 1995] RC523.A3793 1995 616.8'31 - dC20 DNLM/DLC for Library of Congress
94-41048
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Preface
Like the unflinching gaze of Captain Ahab walking the deck of the Pequod,
Alzheimer researchers have had their sights fixed firmly on the disease
for many years. Now, as this volume amply demonstrates, accomplished
researchers from other fields, who have thought deeply about cell biological
problems are applying their insights to Alzheimer's disease. The contri
butions here represent the text versions of the proceedings from the tenth
"Colloque medecine et recherche" of the Fondation IPSEN devoted to
research on Alzheimer's disease. The symposium, entitled "Alzheimer's
Disease: Lessons from Cell Biology" was held in Paris on April 25, 1994. As
is apparent from the varied backgrounds of the contributors, the scientific
pursuit of Alzheimer's disease has begun to meld with more basic disciplines,
particularly cell biology. While on the one hand, new areas of specialization
are continuously emerging, the boundaries of older disciplines are increas
ingly blurred. Perhaps for most of the years since the first descriptions of the
disease in 1907, the science of Alzheimer's disease was descriptive, and lay
in the province of pathologists. This time period, during which a great deal
was learned about the topography of senile plaques and neurofibrillary
tangles, culminated with an ultrastructural description of these hallmark
structures.
The modern era of Alzheimer's disease research opened with the iden
tification of the component proteins in plaques and tangles. From the direct
peptide sequence data obtained on these proteins, it was possible to clone
their genes; thus began the molecular foundation upon which subsequent
developments relied. During this time period, which continues up to the
present, molecular techniques have provided major insights, including the
discovery of a mutation in the gene encoding the amyloid precursor protein.
This mutation although exceedingly rare is the first identified cause of
Alzheimer's disease and has catalyzed a rich area of research which seeks to
understand, in cellular terms, the series of steps, beginning with a mutant
APP gene, that leads to the Alzheimer phenotype. Now we must learn how
the cell as a total entity orchestrates its myriad gene products in a way that
can sustain brain function well into senescence or fail, and undergo an
insidious degeneration. To that end, the editors have brought together both
basic cell biologists and Alzheimer's disease researchers to achieve a timely
synthesis of these disciplines. Conceptual problems over which cell biologists
VI Preface
have pondered for many years, such as how cells organize their cytoplasm or
regulate their phosphorylation state, are ripe for application to the specific
cells affected by the Alzheimer disease process. Likewise the level of under
standing achieved by Alzheimer scientists in identifying specific proteins
involved in the disease, has brought the field to the doorstep of the cell
biologist and has introduced novel concepts in how cells function.
It has been the aim of this series to look just beyond the present at the
direction toward which future research is moving. There is no doubt that cell
biology is that crucial intermediate between where we stand now, with the
several identified proteins, such as tau and the amyloid precursor protein, to
the cellular basis for intellectual function.
Ken Kosik
Yves Christen
Dennis Selkoe
Acknowledgements. The editors wish to thank Mrs Mary Lynn Gage for
editorial assistance, Mrs Jacqueline Mervaillie for the organization of the
meeting in Paris and Daniel Louvard, Jacques Nunez, Jacques Mallet and
Alain Prochiantz for their collaboration as chairmen of the meeting.
Contents
Endocytotic Pathways in Neurons
E. Grote, F. Bonzelius, G. Herman, M. Ramaswami,
f. van de Goor, S. Green, and R.B. Kelly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mechanisms of Molecular Sorting in Polarized Cells:
Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease
I. Mellman, K. Matter, E. Yamamoto, N. Pollack, I. Roome,
K. Felsenstein, and S. Roberts .................................. 14
Regulation of Receptor Trafficking by ras-Like GTPases
S.R. Pfeffer ................................................. 27
Alzheimer's Disease and Hemorrhagic Stroke:
Their Relationship to fJA4 Amyloid Deposition
L. Hendriks, P. Cras, f.-I. Martin, and C. Van Broeckhoven 37
Combining In Vitro Cell Biology and In Vivo Mouse Modelling
to Study the Mechanisms Underlying Alzheimer's Disease
B. De Strooper, D. Moechars, K. Lorent, I. Dewachter,
and F. Van Leuven ........................................... 49
Implication of the Amyloid Precursor Protein in Neurite Outgrowth
B. Allinquant, P. Hantraye, C. Bouillot, K.L. Moya,
and A. Prochiantz ............................................ 66
Physiological Production and Polarized Secretion
of the Amyloid fJ-Peptide in Epithelial Cells:
A Route to the Mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease
D.1. Selkoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Regulation and Structure of the MAP Kinases ERK1 and ERK2
M.H. Cobb, f.E. Hepler, E. Zhen, D. Ebert, M. Cheng, A. Dang,
and D. Robbins .............................................. 78
VIII Contents
Calcineurin as a Pivotal Ca2+ -Sensitive Switching Element
in Biological Responses: Implications for the Regulation
of Tau Phosphorylation in Alzheimer's Disease
R. L. Kincaid ................................................ 88
Phosphorylation of Tau and Its Relationship with Alzheimer
Paired Helical Filaments
E.-M. Mandelkow, 1. Biernat, B. Lichtenberg-Kraag, G. Drewes,
H. Wille, N. Gustke, K. Baumann, and E. Mandelkow ............ 103
Posttranslational Modifications of the Tau in PHF:
Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination
M. Morishima-Kawashima and Y. Ihara ......................... 121
Tau Variants in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders
V. Buee-Scherrer, L. Buee, P.R. HoJ, P. Vermersch, B. Leveugle,
A. Waltez, C. Bouras, D.P. Perl, and A. Delacourte .............. 132
A Phosphorylated Tau Species Is Transiently Present
in Developing Cortical Neurons and Is Not Associated
with Stable Microtubules
J.P. Brion, A.M. Couck,1.L. Conreur, and 1.N. Octave 150
Modifications of Phosphorylated Tau Immunoreactivity
Linked to Excitotoxicity in Neuronal Cultures
J. Hugon, P. Sindou, M. Lesort, P. Couratier, F. Esclaire,
and C. Yardin ............................................... 172
Neurofilaments and Motor Neuron Disease
D. W. Cleveland and Z. Xu .................................... 180
Lurcher, Cell Death and the Cell Cycle
N. Heintz, L. Feng, J. Gubbay, S. Cheng, J. Zuo, P.L. De Jager,
and D.f. Norman ............................................ 193
Neuronal Death, Proinfiammatory Cytokines
and Amyloid Precursor Protein: Studies on Staggerer Mutant Mice
B. Brugg, Y. Lemaigre-Dubreuil, G. Huber, B. Kopmels,
N. Delhaye-Bouchaud, E.E. Wollman, and J. Mariani. . . . . . .. . . . . . 202
Amyloid fJ-Peptide Induces Necrotic Cell Death in PC12 Cells
J.B. Davis, C. Behl, F.G. Klier, and D. Schubert ..... ,',. . .. . .. . . . 217
Contents IX
Linking Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing and Tau-Related
Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease
K.S. Kosik, A. Ferreira, R. Knowles, N. Leclerc,
and S.M. Greenberg .......................................... 230
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Contributors
Allinquant, B.
CNRS URA 1414, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'Ulm,
75230 Paris Cedex 05, France
Baumann, K.
Max-Planck-Unit for Structural Molecular Biology, c/o DESY,
Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
Behl, C.
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd.,
La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
Biernat, f.
Max-Planck-Unit for Structural Molecular Biology, c/o DESY,
Notkestr. 85,22603 Hamburg, Germany
Bonzelius, F.
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California,
San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Bouillot, C.
CNRS URA 1414, Ecole Normale Superieure, 46 rue d'Ulm,
75230 Paris Cedex 05, France
Bouras, C.
>
Department of Psychiatry, IUPG Bel-Air, University of Geneva,
School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
Brion, f.P.
Laboratory of Pathology and Electron Microscopy,
Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, Bldg C-lO,
1070 Brussels, Belgium
XII Contributors
Brugg, B.
Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut des Neurosciences,
(URA CNRS 1488) Lab. de Neurobiologie du Developpement,
75005 Paris, France
Buee, L.
INSERM U422, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
Buee-Scherrer, V.
INSERM U422, Place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
Cheng, M.
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas,
Department of Pharmacology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas,
TX 75235-9041, USA
Cheng, S.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University,
1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
Cleveland, D. W.
Departments of Biological Chemistry and Neuroscience, 725 North
Wolfe Street, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Cobb, M.H.
The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas,
Department of Pharmacology, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas,
TX 75235-9041, USA
Conreur, J.L.
Laboratory of Pathology and Electron Microscopy, Universite Libre de
Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, Bldg c-1O, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
Couck,A.M.
Laboratory of Pathology and Electron Microscopy, Universite Libre de
Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, Bldg c-1O, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
Couratier, P.
Unite de Neurobiologie Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Histologie, Faculte de
Medecine, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
Cras, P.
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Born Bunge Foundation,
Department of Biochemistry, University of Antwerp (UIA) ,
Universiteits pleni 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium