Table Of ContentAlternatives
in
Regulated River
Management
Editors
James A. Gore, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Faculty of Biological Science
University of Tulsa
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Geoffrey E. Petts, Ph.D.
Senior Lecturer
Department of Geography
University of Technology
Loughborough, England
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Alternatives in regulated river management.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Rivers--Regulation--Environmental aspects
2. Rivers--Regulation. I. Gore, James A. II. Petts,
Geoffrey E.
QH545.R58A47 1989 363.7’3946 88-24255
ISBN 0-8493-4877-3
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 88024255
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PREFACE
River regulation offers the benefits of stabilized runoff patterns, providing flood-control
and all-year-round water supply, and electricity generation on demand. Against these must
be weighed the ecological effects on downstream areas. Today, virtually every major river
system on the planet has been, or is planned to be, regulated. In the continental U.S. for
example, only the Yellowstone River remains as an unimpounded river of any substantial
size, and in Europe the summer of 1986 witnessed the impoundment and control of the last
free-flowing stretch of the Rhone River. The majority of Third World nations see the
development of river resources for hydro-electric power and irrigation supply as the solution
to immediate flood and economic problems.
The ecological effects of river regulation have become a major focus of environmental
research, and this is reflected by the triennial International Symposia on Regulated Streams
and the foundation of the journal Regulated Rivers. However, the emphasis of scientific
endeavor has been on the description, explanation, and conceptualization of the impacts of
river regulation. Only recently has attention been directed to the management of regulated
rivers to maintain ecological integrity. With this volume, we present river and stream
managers with a set of tools to address the many resource conflicts in river regulation.
Agencies which control the releases from storage and hydropower dams face a suite of
resource demands and conflicts. In most cases all of these demands must be met as mandated
by law. For a North American dam operator, these demands may include storage reservations
for irrigation and flood control (at the request or mandate of local consumers), release
schedules for hydroelectricity generation (as contracted to utilities), multiple releases to
maintain acceptable water quality (as required by state, provincial, or federal environmental
protection agencies), and sufficient releases to maintain downstream habitat for biological
integrity (as required by state, provincial, or federal fish and wildlife agencies). Additionally,
a certain amount of legal protection must be provided to downstream landowners in the
event of substantial land changes from altered flows. At another level of consideration, the
dam must also operate in concert with a network of other facilities for regional flood control,
sediment control, and energy support. Thus, stream managers must acquire the tools (both
techniques and predictive models) which are biologically, chemically, and geologically sound
yet provide a defensible management program so that the requirements of the user groups
can be met.
We intend this volume to be a source of alternatives for stream managers when they are
asked to meet present release requirements or to predict changes from future operations.
The information is as current as a book format will allow and provides many innovative
techniques as well as "standard" techniques in regulated river management. Where some
techniques have received considerable criticism (as in the case of the instream flow incre-
mental methodology), we have attempted to present evaluation of these methods with al-
ternative techniques to answer the regulated flow problem. We hope that some of the chapters
will suggest future avenues of research to both basic and applied scientists. None of the
tools provide a perfect solution and will always require continued modification as newer
ecological information is obtained. In this manner, water resource managers can approach
the goal of ecosystem integrity while meeting the demand of increased resource utilization.
James A. Gore
Geoffrey E. Petts
EDITORS
James A. Gore, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Aquatic Biology on the Faculty of
Biological Science at the University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Dr. Gore received his B.A. degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1971.
He obtained his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in 1976 and 1980, respectively, from the Department
of Zoology, University of Montana, Missoula. He has held positions as a research aquatic
biologist with the Wyoming Water Resources Research Institute (Laramie) and as a research
associate with the Tennessee Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit (Cookeville). He was
appointed an Assistant Professor of Aquatic Biology at the University of Tulsa in 1981 and
became an Associate Professor in 1986.
Dr. Gore is a member of the North American Benthological Society, the American Society
of Limnology and Oceanography, the American Fisheries Society, the American Society of
Naturalists, the American Association for the Advancement of Scientists, and the honorary
societies, Sigma Xi and Phi Gamma Kappa.
Dr. Gore has been the recipient of Associated Western University and U.S. Department
of Energy research fellowships to conduct toxicological research and has been nominated
for Fulbright scholarships to Israel and South Africa. Dr. Gore has been an invited guest
professor at the Zoologisches Institute der Universitat (T.H.) [University of Karlsruhe,
Federal Republic of Germany] and an invited research ecologist with the Environmental
Laboratory of the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (Vicksburg, Missis-
sippi). In 1989, he will receive a Fulbright senior research fellowship to conduct regulated
river research in South Africa.
Dr. Gore has been the recipient of research grants from the Environmental Protection
Agency, the Office of Water Resources and Technology, the U.S. Geological Survey, the
Department of Interior, Office of Surface Mining, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and
several private industries. He has presented numerous invited lectures at national and in-
ternational meetings, symposia, and universities. Dr. Gore has published more than 50
papers, book chapters, and technical reports as well as editing/authoring two books. His
current research interests include the development of specific and generic models of habitat
and biotic interactions in rivers regulated by peaking hydropower operation as well as the
influence of hydrology and channel hydraulics upon the distribution of riverine biota.
Geoffrey E. Petts, Ph.D., is Senior Lecturer in Geography, University of Technology,
Loughborough, U.K. Having obtained his B.Sc. degree from Liverpool University in 1974
he undertook research at the Universities of Exeter and Southampton and received his Ph.D.
in 1978. Dr. Petts joined the staff of Loughborough University of Technology in 1979. He
is author or coauthor of three books and more than 30 scientific papers and has been a
speaker at several international symposia in North America and Europe. He is Editor-in-
Chief of the international journal Regulated Rivers: Research and Management and organizer
of the Fourth International Symposium on Regulated Streams. He was a member of the
Preparatory group of the International Lake Environments Committee and is a consultant to
the I.U.C.N. Ecology Commission.
CONTRIBUTORS
Patrick Armitage, Ph.D. Martin N. R. Jaeggi, Dr.Sc.
River Laboratory Head of the River Section
Freshwater Biological Association Laboratory of Hydraulics
Wareham, Dorset, England Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Zurich, Switzerland
James Norman Bowlby, M.Sc.
Lake Ontario Fisheries Unit James B. Layzer, Ph.D.
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Assistant Professor
Picton, Ontario, Canada Department of Biology
Tennessee Technological University
Andrew Brookes, Ph.D. Cookeville, Tennessee
River Division
Thames Water Authority James Lenial Martin, Ph.D.
Reading, Berkshire, England Civil Engineer
Environmental Laboratory
Richard A. Cassidy, M.S. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Chief Experiment Station
Reservoir Region and Water Quality Vicksburg, Mississippi
Section
U.S. Army Engineer District
Robert T. Milhous, Ph.D
Portland, Oregon
Hydraulic Engineer
Aquatic Systems Branch
Mark Stephen Dortch, M.S.
National Ecology Research Center
Chief
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Water Quality Modeling Group
Fort Collins, Colorado
Environmental Laboratory
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station John M. Nestler, Ph.D.
Vicksburg, Mississippi Research Ecologist
Water Quality Modeling Group
James A. Gore, Ph.D. Environmental Laboratory
Associate Professor U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Department of Biological Science Experiment Station
University of Tulsa Vicksburg, Mississippi
Tulsa, Oklahoma
G. E. Petts, Ph.D.
Richard R. Harris, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer
Forest Advisor Department of Geography
University of California University of Technology
Cooperative Extension Leices, England
Eureka, California
Jacob G. Imhof, M.Sc. Michael P. Ramey, M.S.
Fish Community and Habitat Section Senior Hydraulic Engineer
Fisheries Branch Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Bechtel, Inc.
Toronto, Ontario, Canada San Francisco, California
Dudley W. Reiser, Ph.D. Stephen Swales, Ph.D.
Senior Fishery Scientist Lecturer
Western Regional Operations Department of Biological Sciences
EA Engineering, Science, and University of Waikato
Technology Inc. Hamilton, New Zealand
Lafayette, California
Roland J. Risser, M.S. Robin L. Welcomme
Biologist Senior Fishery Resources Officer
Research and Development Department Department of Fisheries
Pacific Gas and Electric Company Food and Agriculture Organization
San Ramon, California Rome, Italy
Thomas A. Wesche, M.S.
Senior Research Associate
Wyoming Water Research Center
University of Wyoming
Laramie, Wyoming
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The management of regulated rivers suggests an interdisciplinary approach which requires
a variety of specialists from engineering, geology, geography, and biology. The production
of this book required the hard work and efforts of a number of fine individuals. We hope
that these papers will help to answer questions from regulated river managers. We thank all
of our contributors for all of their time and talents and we thank the following individuals
who served as chapter reviewers: R. N. B. Campbell, M. T. Greenwood, Brian Hill, J. M.
King, William F. McTernan, Wendell Pennington, Andrew L. Sheldon, Clair Stalnaker,
Dale Toetz, and Marc Zimmerman. The support of the University of Tulsa, the University
of Technology, and the U.S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station is also grate-
fully acknowledged. A special thanks to Lesa Atkins, Barbara Barnard, and Jan Bingham
for their typing and organizational help.
We dedicate this volume to our families and colleagues who have supported us during its
production.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
Perspectives for Ecological Management of Regulated Rivers (cid:9) 3
Geoffrey E. Petts
WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
Chapter 2
Water Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Turbidity Control in Reservoir Releases... 27
Richard A. Cassidy
Chapter 3
Water Quality Modeling of Regulated Streams (cid:9) 63
Mark S. Dortch and James L. Martin
Chapter 4
Flushing Flows (cid:9) 91
Dudley W. Reiser, Michael P. Ramey, and Thomas A. Wesche
CHANNEL MODIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT
Chapter 5
Alternative Channelization Procedures (cid:9) 139
Andrew Brookes
Chapter 6
Channel Engineering and Erosion Control (cid:9) 163
Martin N. R. Jaeggi
Chapter 7
The Use of Instream Habitat Improvement Methodology in Mitigating the Adverse Effects
of River Regulation on Fisheries (cid:9) 185
Stephen Swales
Chapter 8
Floodplain Fisheries Management (cid:9) 209
Robin L. Welcomme
Chapter 9
Mitigation for Impacts to Riparian Vegetation on Western Montane Streams (cid:9)235
Roland J. Risser and Richard R. Harris
ECOLOGICAL MODELING AND MANAGEMENT
Chapter 10
Models for Predicting Benthic Macroinvertebrate Habitat Suitability Under Regulated
Flows (cid:9) 253
James A. Gore
Chapter 11
The Application of a Classification and Prediction Technique Based on Macroinvertebrates
to Assess the Effects of River Regulation (cid:9) 267
Patrick D. Armitage
Chapter 12
Instream Habitat Modeling Techniques (cid:9) 295
John M. Nestler, Robert T. Milhouse, and James B. Layzer
Chapter 13
Alternative Approaches in Predicting Trout Populations from Habitat in Streams (cid:9)317
James N. Bowlby and Jacob G. Imhof
Index (cid:9) 333
