Alternative Energy Systems and Applications

461 Pages·2017·219.07 MB·English

by  B. K. Hodge

AlternativeEnergySystems
andApplications

Alternative Energy Systems and Applications
B. K. Hodge
Mississippi State University, USA
Second Edition
Thiseditionfirstpublished2017
2017JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Hodge,B.K.,author.
Title:Alternativeenergysystemsandapplications/B.KHodge.
Description:Secondedition.|Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2017.|
Includesindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016049895|ISBN9781119109211(pbk.)|ISBN9781119109228(epdf)|ISBN9781119109235
(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Renewableenergysources.|Powerresources.|Electricpower
systems.
Classification:LCCTJ808.H632017|DDC333.79/4–dc23LCrecordavailable
athttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016049895
CoverImage:CourtesyofNREL/DOE
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Setin10/12ptWarnockPro-RegularbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
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LiamFinnHodge
NoahTownshendHodge

vii
Table of Contents
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xiii
PrefacetotheFirstEdition xv
AbouttheCompanionWebsite xvii
1 EnergyUsageintheUSAandtheWorld 1
1.1 EnergyandPower 1
1.2 EnergyUsageandStandardofLiving 1
1.3 AHistoricalPerspectiveofEnergyUsageintheUSA 4
1.4 USEnergyUsagein2014 7
1.5 WorldwideEnergyUse 17
1.6 Efficiencies 19
1.7 Closure 21
References 21
2 FundamentalsofTurbomachinery 23
2.1 DefinitionofaTurbomachine 23
2.2 TurbomachineClassifications 23
2.3 TurbomachineAnalysis 23
2.4 ExampleProblems 28
2.5 Closure 33
References 33
FurtherReading 33
3 Hydropower 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 ExamplesofHydroelectricDams 35
3.3 HydraulicAnalysis 39
3.4 TurbineSpecificSpeedConsiderations 44
3.5 EnergyTransferinTurbines 48
3.6 Closure 57
References 60
FurtherReading 61
4 WindEnergy 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 FundamentalConcepts 64
4.3 WindEnergyResources 72
viii TableofContents
4.4 WindTurbineOperation 78
4.5 CommercialWindTurbineExamples 83
4.6 GrowthinWindPowerCapacity 88
4.7 Closure 90
References 92
FurtherReading 92
5 CombustionTurbines 93
5.1 Introduction 93
5.2 TheCombustionTurbine 93
5.3 TheAir-StandardBraytonCycle 95
5.4 ActualGasTurbineCycleAnalysis 96
5.5 CombustionTurbineCycleVariations 104
5.6 ExamplesofCommerciallyAvailableCombustionTurbines 105
5.6.1 SolarTurbines 106
5.6.2 GEEnergy 107
5.6.3 CapstoneTurbines 110
5.6.4 OtherGasTurbineSuppliers 112
5.7 Closure 113
References 113
FurtherReading 113
6 SolarEnergyFundamentals 115
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 RadiationHeatTransferReview 115
6.3 SunPathDescriptionandCalculation 126
6.4 SunPathDevelopmentUsingMathcad 131
6.5 TheNationalSolarEnergyDatabase 137
6.6 Closure 140
References 140
7 ActiveSolarThermalApplications 143
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Flat-PlateCollectorFundamentals 148
7.3 SolarCollectorandWeatherData 152
7.4 Thef-ChartMethod 159
7.5 OtherSolarThermalSystems 165
7.6 Closure 166
References 167
8 PassiveSolarEnergy 169
8.1 FundamentalConceptsofPassiveSolarEnergy 169
8.2 QuantifyingPassiveSolarFeatures 172
8.3 TheFirst-LevelMethod(RulesofThumb) 176
8.4 TheSecond-LevelMethod(theLoadCollectorRatioMethod) 177
8.5 Daylighting 178
8.6 PassiveSolarSimulationSoftware 180
8.7 Closure 181
References 181
TableofContents ix
9 PhotovoltaicSystems 183
9.1 Introduction 183
9.2 PhotovoltaicCellFundamentals 183
9.3 PhotovoltaicComponents 190
9.4 PhotovoltaicSystems 196
9.5 GrowthinPhotovoltaicCapacity 201
9.6 Closure 202
References 203
10 FuelCells 205
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 FuelCellFundamentals 205
10.3 FuelCellThermodynamicsFundamentals 207
10.4 FuelCellTypes 213
10.5 FuelCellAvailability 220
10.6 Closure 223
References 223
11 CombinedHeatandPowerSystems 225
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 CombinedHeatandPowerSystemFundamentals 227
11.3 CombinedHeatandPowerSystemEconomicsandOperation 231
11.4 EconomicAssessmentofCombinedHeatandPowerSuitability 236
11.5 ThermalandFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommissionCombinedHeatandPower
Metrics 240
11.6 CombinedHeatandPowerSystemExample 241
11.7 Closure 245
References 246
12 Biomass 249
12.1 Introduction 249
12.2 BiomassAvailability 250
12.3 BiomassFundamentals 253
12.4 BiomassCharacteristics 255
12.5 Biomass-BasedFuelsandProducts 255
12.5.1 Ethanol 255
12.5.2 Methanol 261
12.5.3 Biodiesel/VegetableOil 261
12.5.4 PyrolysisLiquids 263
12.5.5 Biogas 264
12.5.6 ProducerGas 265
12.5.7 SynthesisGas 267
12.5.8 BiopowerandBiofuelsStatistics 270
12.6 MunicipalSolidWaste 270
12.7 Closure 278
References 278
FurtherReading 280
13 GeothermalEnergy 281
13.1 Introduction 281