Alternative Energy in Power Electronics

367 Pages·2014·18.53 MB·English

by  Muhammad H. Rashid

Alternative Energy in Power
Electronics
Alternative Energy
in Power Electronics
Edited by
Muhammad H. Rashid
FellowIET(UK),LifeFellowIEEE(USA)
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering
UniversityofWestFlorida
USA
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Contributors
NoradlinaAbdullahTransmissionandDistribution,TNBResearch,Malaysia
Benjamin Blunier Universite de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, Belfort Cedex,
France
JuanM.CarrascoDepartmentofElectronicEngineering,EngineeringSchool,Seville
University,Spain
PabloA.CassaniPowerElectronicsandEnergyResearch(PEER)Group,P.D.Ziogas
PowerElectronicsLaboratory,DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,
ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,QC,Canada
LanaElChaarElectricalEngineeringDepartment,ThePetroleumInstitute,AbuDhabi,
UAE
H.DehboneiDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,CurtinUniversityof
Technology,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia
Eduardo Galván Department of Electronic Engineering, Engineering School, Seville
University,Spain
Ir.ZahrulFaizibinHussienTransmissionandDistribution,TNBResearch,Malaysia
S.M.IslamDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,CurtinUniversityof
Technology,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia
AlirezaKhalighElectricalandComputerEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofMary-
landatCollegePark,CollegePark,MD,USA
SrdjanLukicDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,NorthCarolinaState
University,Raleigh,NC,USA
S.K.Mazumder,Sr.DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,Laboratoryfor
EnergyandSwitching-ElectronicsSystems(LESES),UniversityofIllinois,Chicago,
IL,USA
C.V.NayarDepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,CurtinUniversityof
Technology,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia
OmerC.OnarPowerElectronicsandElectricMachineryGroup,NationalTransporta-
tionResearchCenter,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidge,TN,USA
Ramón Portillo Department of Electronic Engineering, Engineering School, Seville
University,Spain
AzlanAbdulRahimTransmissionandDistribution,TNBResearch,Malaysia
xi
xii Contributors
H. Sharma Research Institute for Sustainable Energy, Murdoch University, Perth,
WesternAustralia,Australia
K. Tan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University of
Technology,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia
Sheldon S. Williamson Power Electronics and Energy Research (PEER) Group, P.
D. Ziogas Power Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal,QC,Canada
Preface
Electric power generated from renewable energy sources is getting increasing
attention and supports for new initiatives and developments in order to meet
theincreasedenergydemandsaroundtheworld.Theavailabilityofcomputer–
based advanced control techniques along with the advancement in the high-
powerprocessingcapabilitiesisopeningnewopportunityforthedevelopment,
applicationsandmanagementofenergyandelectricpower.PowerElectronics
isintegralpartofthepowerprocessinganddeliveryfromtheenergysourcesto
theutilitysupplyandtheelectricityconsumers.
Thedemandforenergy,particularlyinelectricalforms,isever-increasingin
ordertoimprovethestandardofliving.Powerelectronicshelpswiththeefficient
useofelectricity,therebyreducingpowerconsumption.Semiconductordevices
are used as switches for power conversion or processing, as are solid state
electronicsforefficientcontroloftheamountofpowerandenergyflow.Higher
efficiencyandlowerlossesaresoughtfordevicesusedinarangeofapplications,
frommicrowaveovenstohigh-voltagedctransmission.Newdevicesandpower
electronic systems are now evolving for even more effectivecontrol of power
andenergy.
Power electronics has already found an important place in modern tech-
nology and has revolutionized control of power and energy. As the voltage
and current ratings and switching characteristics of power semiconductor de-
vices keep improving, the range of applications continue to expand in areas,
such as lamp controls, power supplies to motion control, factory automation,
transportation, energy storage, multi-megawatt industrial drives, and electric
powertransmission anddistribution.Thegreaterefficiencyandtighter control
featuresofpowerelectronicsarebecomingattractiveforapplicationsinmotion
controlbyreplacingtheearlier electromechanicalandelectronicsystems. Ap-
plicationsinpowertransmissionandrenewableenergyincludehigh-voltagedc
(VHDC)converterstations,flexibleactransmissionsystem(FACTS),staticvar
compensators,andenergystorage.Inpowerdistribution,theseincludedc-to-ac
conversion,dynamicfilters,frequencyconversion,andcustompowersystem.
Audience:
The purpose of Alternative Energy in Power Electronics is a derivative of
the best-selling Power Electronics Handbook, Third Edition. The purpose of
Alternative Energy in Power Electronics is to provide a reference that is both
concise and useful for engineering students and practicing professionals. It
xiii
xiv Preface
is designed to cover topics that relate to renewable energy processing and
delivery.Itisdesignedasadvancedtextbooksandprofessionalreferences.The
contributorsareleadingauthoritiesintheirareasofexpertise.Allwerechosen
because of their intimate knowledge of their subjects, and their contributions
makethisacomprehensivestate-of-the-artguidetotheexpandingfiledenergy
ofenergy.
MuhammadH.Rashid,Editor-in-Chief
Anycommentsandsuggestionsregardingthisbookarewelcome.Theyshould
besentto
Dr.MuhammadH.Rashid
Professor
DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering
UniversityofWestFlorida
11000UniversityParkwayPensacola.
FL32514-5754,USA
E-mail:[email protected]
Web:http://uwf.edu/mrashid
Chapter 1
Power Electronics for
Renewable Energy Sources
C.V.Nayar,S.M.Islam,H.Dehbonei,andK.Tan
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth,
WesternAustralia,Australia
H.Sharma
ResearchInstituteforSustainableEnergy,MurdochUniversity,Perth,WesternAustralia,Australia
ChapterOutline
1.1 Introduction 2 1.2.5.1 Invertersfor
1.2 PowerElectronicsfor Grid-
PhotovoltaicPowerSystems 3 connected
1.2.1 BasicsofPhotovoltaics 3 Applications 33
1.2.2 TypesofPVPower 1.2.5.2 Inverter
Systems 6 Classifications 33
1.2.3 Stand-alonePVSystems 9 1.2.5.3 InverterTypes 34
1.2.3.1 BatteryCharging 9 1.2.5.4 PowerControl
1.2.3.2 Invertersfor throughPV
Stand-alone Inverters 40
PVSystems 15 1.2.5.5 System
1.2.3.3 SolarWater Configurations 45
Pumping 18 1.2.5.6 Grid-
1.2.4 HybridEnergySystems 25 compatible
1.2.4.1 Series Inverters
Configuration 26 Characteristics 47
1.2.4.2 Switched 1.3 PowerElectronicsforWind
Configuration 27 PowerSystems 49
1.2.4.3 Parallel 1.3.1 BasicsofWindPower 51
Configuration 28 1.3.1.1 TypesofWind
1.2.4.4 Controlof Turbines 53
HybridEnergy 1.3.1.2 TypesofWind
Systems 30 Generators 54
1.2.5 Grid-connectedPV 1.3.2 TypesofWindPower
Systems 32 Systems 58
AlternativeEnergyinPowerElectronics
Copyright©2011ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 1
2 AlternativeEnergyinPowerElectronics
1.3.3 Stand-aloneWind 1.3.6.3 Discretely
PowerSystems 58 Variable
1.3.3.1 Battery SpeedSystems 66
Chargingwith 1.3.6.4 Continuously
Stand-alone Variable
WindEnergy SpeedSystems 67
System 58 1.3.6.5 Typesof
1.3.3.2 WindTurbine Generator
Charge Optionsfor
Controller 58 Variable
1.3.4 Wind–dieselHybrid SpeedWind
Systems 59 Turbines
1.3.5 Grid-connectedWind UsingPower
EnergySystems 60 Electronics 70
1.3.5.1 SoftStarters 1.3.6.6 IsolatedGrid
forInduction SupplySystem
Generators 61 withMultiple
1.3.6 ControlofWindTurbines 62 WindTurbines 73
1.3.6.1 FixedSpeed 1.3.6.7 Power
WindTurbines 62 Electronics
1.3.6.2 Variable Technology
SpeedWind Development 74
Turbines 65 References 75
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The Kyoto agreement on global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions has
prompted renewed interest in renewable energy systems worldwide. Many
renewable energy technologies today are well developed, reliable, and cost
competitivewiththeconventionalfuelgenerators.Thecostofrenewableenergy
technologies is on a falling trend and is expected to fall further as demand
and production increases. There are many renewable energy sources (RES)
such as biomass, solar, wind, mini hydroand tidal power. However, solar and
windenergysystemsmakeuseofadvancedpowerelectronicstechnologiesand,
thereforethefocusinthischapterwillbeonsolarphotovoltaicandwindpower.
Oneoftheadvantagesofferedby(RES)istheirpotentialtoprovidesustain-
ableelectricityinareasnotservedbytheconventionalpowergrid.Thegrowing
marketforrenewableenergytechnologieshasresultedinarapidgrowthinthe
needofpowerelectronics.Mostoftherenewableenergytechnologiesproduce
DC power and hencepower electronicsand controlequipmentarerequiredto
converttheDCintoACpower.
Inverters are used to convert DC to AC. There are two types of inverters:
(a) stand-alone or (b) grid-connected. Both types have several similarities but