Table Of Contentα-process elements in the Galaxy: a possible GAIA
contribution
Graˇzina Tautvaiˇsiene˙
Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Goˇstauto 12, Vilnius 2600,
Lithuania
Bengt Edvardsson
Department of Astronomy and Space Physics, Uppsala Astronomical Observatory,
2
0 Box 515, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
Abstract. Thesensitivity ofstellar spectratoα/Fe abundancechangesis investi-
n gated with the aim to be detected photometricly and employed for scientific goals
a of the GAIA mission. A grid of plane parallel, line blanketed, flux constant, LTE
J
model atmospheres with different [α/Fe] ratios was calculated. As a first step, the
9 modelled stellar energy fluxes for solar-type stars and giants were computed and
2
intercompared. The spectral sensitivity to α/Fe abundance changes is noticeable
and has tobe taken into account when selecting photometric filtersfor GAIA.The
1 CaiiHandKlinesandMgibtripletarethemostsensitivedirectindicatorsofα/Fe
v
abundancechanges.
4
6
Keywords: Galaxy evolution, photometric techniques,orbiting observatory GAIA
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1
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/ 1. Introduction
h
p
-
o The evolution of a galaxy is closely related with a gradual chemical
r
t enrichment. The enrichment and spatial distribution of the chemical
s
a elementsdependonvariousgalactic andstellarprocesses.Inparticular,
: the star formation (SF) history, the time delay between SF and the en-
v
i richmentoftheinterstellarmedium(ISM),themetaldependencyofthe
X
nucleosynthesis, the galactic gas flows, and the mixing processes in the
r
a ISMare important. Since the individualelements are producedat vari-
oussites andon differenttimescales,theobservedabundancesarevery
useful in describing galactic evolution. The main archeological tracers
of the chemical evolution are the elements produced on a short time
scale (107 years) by massive stars ending as core-collapse supernovae
(here called SN II) and on a longer time scale (109 years) by Type Ia
(SN Ia) supernova events. SNe II contribute to the enrichment of the
interstellar medium mainly with elements produced by the capture of
α-particles (α-elements) and from the r-process, and SNe Ia predomi-
nantly produce elements belonging to the Fe peak. Consequently, one
of basic tools to constrain the evolution of a galaxy is the analysis of
(cid:13)c 2008 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
gaiaalpha.tex; 1/02/2008; 21:27; p.1
2 G.Tautvaiˇsiene˙ andB.Edvardsson
relations between ratios of [α-element/Fe] and Fe abundances [Fe/H]1
for stars born at different times and in different parts of a galaxy. E.g.,
the theoretical evolutionary model of the Milky Way galaxy recently
proposed by Chiappini et al. (2001) predicts a slight decrease with
distanceintheaverage [α/Fe] ratios instars bornin theGalactocentric
distance range 4–10 kpc and an increase with distance of this ratio in
the range 10–18 kpc.
A first glance at the temporal behavior of α-elements shows that
mostof themetal-poor stars inthe Galaxy appearto have been formed
with enhanced abundances of oxygen and other α-elements (i.e., Ne,
Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca and Ti). For stars with [Fe/H]≤ −1, the mean value
of [α/Fe] lies between +0.3 and +0.4, with no discernible dependence
onmetallicity (cf.PagelandTautvaisiene1995;Samland1998). Amore
preciseanalysisshowsthatthereisasignificantpopulationoffieldstars
with [α/Fe]≈ 0.0 (see Fig.4 by Nissen and Shuster, 1997). Surveys by
Shusteretal. (1993) andCarneyet al.(1996) reportevidenceforabout
0.1−0.2dex variations in the [α/Fe] value at a fixed [Fe/H]. Carney et
al. (1997) have found that the high-velocity subgiant with apogalacti-
con distance over 20 kpc BD+80◦245 has < [α/Fe] >= −0.29±0.02
despitetoitslowmetallicity, [Fe/H]=−1.86. Atthesametimethereare
metaldeficientgiantswith[α/Fe]of+0.7dexasreportedbyGiridharet
al. (2001). It is important to map the abundancepattern of α-elements
in the Galaxy and understand the origin of variations.
A central element of the GAIA mission is the determination of the
star formation histories, as described by the temporal evolution of the
star formation rate, and the cumulative numbers of stars formed in
the bulge, inner disk, Solar neighbourhood, outer disk and halo of our
Galaxy (Perryman et al., 2001). Such information, together with the
kinematicinformation fromGAIA,andcomplementary chemical abun-
dance information, again primarily from GAIA, may give us the full
evolutionary history of the Galaxy. Knowledge of information on α/Fe
abundanceratiousinstarsisveryimportantfortheiragedetermination
(cf.VandenBergetal.,2000; Salasnich etal.,2000). Inourstudy,afirst
attempt is made to investigate the sensitivity of stellar spectra to α/Fe
abundance variations and their detection by GAIA photometry.
2. Model atmospheres with enhanced α/Fe ratios
A grid of plane parallel, line blanketed, flux constant, LTE model
atmospheres with enhanced α/Fe ratios was calculated with the up-
1 In this paper we use the customary spectroscopic notation [X/Y]≡
log10(NX/NY)star−log10(NX/NY)⊙
gaiaalpha.tex; 1/02/2008; 21:27; p.2
α-processelementsintheGalaxy:apossibleGAIAcontribution 3
dated version of the MARCS code (Gustafsson et al., 1975) using
continuous opacities from Asplund et al. (1997) and including UV line
blanketing as described by Edvardsson et al. (1993). The grid contains
modelatmosphereswitheffective temperatures4500K ≤ T ≤ 6500K,
eff
1.5 ≤ logg ≤ 4.5, −2 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ 0 and 0.0 ≤[α/Fe]≤ 0.4. By α
elements we here mean O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca and Ti.
3. Sensitivity of stellar spectra to α/Fe changes
Inordertoseewhatspectralregionsaremostsensitivetoα/Fechanges,
as a first step, we computed stellar surface fluxes with a wavelength
sampling of R ≈ 20000 for solar type stars and giants and investi-
gated their ratios. E.g. Fig.1a shows the smoothed ratio of the flux
distributions with T = 5500K, logg = 4.0, [Fe/H]= −0.4 and two
eff
different [α/Fe] ratios: 0.3 and 0.0dex. The approximate difference
of 0.3dex was found between thin- and thick-disk stars in the solar
vicinity (cf. Fuhrmann, 1998; Tautvaiˇsiene˙ et al., 2001). The major
wavelength features directly sensitive to α/Fe in dwarf stars are the
Caii H and K lines and the IR triplet, the OH bands around 3100˚A
and also the Mgib triplet region. The latter region is also affected by
MgH molecular bands in cool stars. These features are indicated below
the curve in panel a. There is also an indirect effect of the α-element
abundances which is seen on the carbon molecular bands: the higher
oxygen abundance binds more free carbon into CO, which weakens
other carbon molecular bands. The strongest examples are indicated
above the curve in panel a. It is obvious that these secondary effects
arequitedramaticandshouldbetaken intoaccountwhileusingcarbon
features for photometry.
In Fig.1b, the effect of decreasing the surface gravity by 1.0dex is
shown. The effects are qualitatively similar to those of the α-element
abundance increase in several wavelength regions. A clear difference
starts only bluewards from 3800˚A. The strong gravity effect on the
Caiilinesmaketheiruseforα-elementdeterminationsquitedependent
on a precise logg determination. It is interesting to notice the opposite
gravity effects on the Caii and the Mgi features. The former are ra-
diation damped (thus not pressure-sensitive) and strengthened by the
−
decreasing H continuous opacity and increasing degree of ionization,
while the latter are pressure-broadened and thus weakened both by
the weaker gas pressure and by the higher degree of ionization. The
sensitivityofthespectrumtochangesinoverallmetallicity andeffective
temperature are shown in Figs.1c and 1d, respectively. The prominent
feature of CN near 3850˚A is dependent on very many parameters,
gaiaalpha.tex; 1/02/2008; 21:27; p.3
4 G.Tautvaiˇsiene˙ andB.Edvardsson
CN
CH
1.1
o
ti
a
r 1
x
u
Fl
Mg I
OH Ca II
.9 a)
Ca II
1.1
o
ti
a
r 1
x
u
Fl
.9 b)
1.1
o
ti
a
r 1
x
u
Fl
.9 c)
1
o
ti
a
r .9
x
u
Fl
.8 d)
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Figure 1. Sensitivities of the modelled surface energy flux ratios to variations
in fundamental parameters and chemical abundances. The standard model has
Teff = 5500K, logg = 4.0, [Fe/H]= −0.4 and [α/Fe]=0.0. See Sect.3 for more
explanations.
gaiaalpha.tex; 1/02/2008; 21:27; p.4
α-processelementsintheGalaxy:apossibleGAIAcontribution 5
CN
1.4
o
ti
a1.2 CH
r
x
u CN CN
Fl
1
Ca II a)
Mg I
OH
Ca II
.8
1.2
o
ti
a 1
r
x
u
Fl
.8
b)
.6
1.2
o
ti
a
r 1
x
u
Fl Ca I
.8
c)
1.2
o
ti 1
a
r
x
u
Fl .8
d)
.6
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Figure 2. Sensitivities of the modelled surface energy flux ratios to variations
in fundamental parameters and chemical abundances. The standard model has
Teff = 4500K, logg = 3.0, [Fe/H]= −0.4 and [α/Fe]=0.0. Notice that the vertical
scaling differs from that in Fig. 1.
gaiaalpha.tex; 1/02/2008; 21:27; p.5
6 G.Tautvaiˇsiene˙ andB.Edvardsson
Figure 3. The ratio of modelled surface enery fluxes with ∆[α/Fe] = +0.3 for
Teff = 5500K, logg = 4.0 and [Fe/H]= −0.4, plotted together with the three
photometric systems proposed for GAIA.See Sect.3 for more explanations.
including nitrogen abundances, which are known to vary during stellar
evolution.
Fig.2 shows sensitivities of the modelled surface flux ratios to vari-
ations in fundamental parameters and chemical abundances for a giant
star with the standard model of T = 4500K, logg = 3.0, [Fe/H]=
eff
−0.4 and [α/Fe]=0.0. As it is seen from the vertical scales, in giants
theeffects of [α/Fe] abundancechanges andother parameter variations
are considerably larger than for the dwarfs.
In Fig.3 we display the three medium-band photometric systems
proposed for GAIA: 2A by Munari (1998), 3G by Høg et al. (2000),
and 1F by Grenon et al. (1999, the wide filters F33, F57 and F67 are
not displayed) along with the modelled ratio of surface energy fluxes
with ∆[α/Fe]= +0.3 for T = 5500K, logg = 4.0 and [Fe/H]= −0.4.
eff
Figs.1 – 3 show that the filter centered at 3450˚A in the 3G system is
veryusefulindeterminingsurfacegravities,thefiltercenteredat3750˚A
may evaluate the CN feature, while the filter centered at 4050˚A – the
H and K lines. However, the filter at 5150˚A includes both C , MgH
2
and Mgib lines which may cause a confusion. Here the filter of the
2A system centered exactly on the Mgib triplet seems to be better.
Filters of the 1F system are quite broad and may cause difficulties in
accounting for α-element variations. One filter in the GAIA system
could be set on the Caii IR triplet as well.
The first qualitative investigation of sensitivity of stellar spectra to
α/Fe abundance variations, presented in this study, indicates that the
spectral sensitivity to α/Fe abundance changes is noticeable. It has
both direct and indirect influence to stellar spectra. A possibility to
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α-processelementsintheGalaxy:apossibleGAIAcontribution 7
employ the Caii H and K lines and Mgib triplet might be consid-
ered for the photometric determination of α/Fe abundance ratios with
GAIA photometry. The examples for the dwarf and giant stars with
∆[α/Fe]=0.3, displayed in Figs. 1 and 2, show that filters of about 80–
100 ˚A widthcentered on these features could beused.In theinterval of
thespectrum3905–4005 ˚AwiththeCaiilines,theintensityofthespec-
trumdropsdownby0.08maginthedwarfandby0.11maginthegiant.
In the interval 5160–5240 ˚A with the Mgib triplet, the intensity of
the spectrum drops by 0.02 mag and 0.05 mag, respectively. Assuming
the end-mission photometric GAIA accuracy and three slots of filters
(ESA, 2000), from the Caii lines, the accuracy of [α/Fe]= ±0.1 might
bepreserved for the giant (with parameters under consideration) down
to about 17.0 mag and for the dwarf down to about 16.3 mag. From
the Mgib triplet, the same accuracy of ±0.1 dex might be preserved
for the giant down to about 17.3 mag and for the dwarf down to about
15.6 mag. In case the accuracy of ±0.2 dex is also acceptable, the stars
of 17.9 and 16.7 mag could be investigated using the Caii lines and
stars of 18.2 and 16.5 mag using the Mgib triplet, correspondingly.
The work presented in this paper marks the beginning of a large
work to be done in preparations for the photometric investigation of
α-elements in the Galaxy. Under the assumption of known effective
temperature, metallicity and surface gravity, the carbon, nitrogen and
α-element abundances might be determined by means of photometric
indices as well.
4. Conclusions
The spectral flux sensitivity to α/Fe abundance changes is noticeable
and has to be taken into account in GAIA photometry. The Caii H
and K lines and Mgib triplet are most sensitive direct indicators of
α/Fe abundance changes and might be used for the photometric deter-
mination of α-element abundances.The photometric systems proposed
for GAIA have to be carefully tested for accounting of the effects of
α-element abundance variations and their determination.
Photometric classification of stars should provide as many phys-
ical parameters as possible. Depending on the accuracy with which
the fundamental parameters are known, we should seek to determine
abundances not only of α-elements but of carbon and nitrogen as well.
gaiaalpha.tex; 1/02/2008; 21:27; p.7
8 G.Tautvaiˇsiene˙ andB.Edvardsson
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank Vytautas Straiˇzys, Michel Grenon and Vladas Van-
seviˇcius for helpful discussion. G.T. acknowledges support from the
NordicResearchAcademy(REFNB00-N030)andNATOLinkagegrant
CRG.LG 972172. B.E. acknowledges support by the Swedish Natural
Sciences Research Council (NFR).
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