Alliance in Anxiety: Detente and the Sino-American-Japanese Triangle

169 Pages·2003·5.48 MB·English

by  Go Tsuyoshi Ito

Detente and the Sino-American-Japanese
Triangle
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
Editor
THIRDDE LIGHT ~APAK'SF OREIGPKO LICYL M ~ ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
The I~zter~zatio~zalizatoiof ~Hzi ghel A Qzrest for Normalcy
Edzrcation in China Kevm J. Cooney
Rui Yang
ENGI~EERTIHNE CST; ATE
RETHINKIJN,AGP ANI'DS ENTITIY\ ~ D The Hztai River and Reco~zstrztctioni n
INTER~\AT~OR~OALLE Nationalist China, 1927-1 93 7
An Intercztltztral Perspective David A. Pietz
Susanne IClein
J,APA~\ESED IRECIT~ VEST~I\ ICEH~IITU
Locatio~zalD etermi~zantsa nd
Characteristics
John F. Cassidy
STATIIPSO \YER
SHOIZO-KEK
/apanese Foreign Policy Making
A Late Medieval Daime Sukiya Style
toward Korea
Japanese Tea-hoz~se
Isa Ducke
Robin Noel Walker
WORDSK ILL
FROMT RAUSITIOTUO PO\ ER
Destrztctio~zo f "Class Enemies" in
ALTERUATIOU
China, 1949-1 953
Democracy zn Soztth Korea,
Cheng-Chi11 Wang
1987-1997
Carl 1. Saxer
THET RIFIIiRTICU G AIIR~CLE
Corporatmns, Workers, Bz~reaztzrats,
and the Eroston of Japan's Nat~onal HISTOROYF JAPANESPEO LICIEINS
Economy EDUCATIOANID TO DEVELOPING
COIINTRIE19S5,0 s-1990s
Satos111 Ikeda
The Role of the Sztbgover~zmental
STITE FORMITIOP~R, OPERTI Processes
RELI TIO~SIU,D THE DE\ ELOPMEVT OF Takao Ihnibeppu
THE TOKLJGi ~EVC OUO(~16I0~0 -1868)
Grace H. Kwon A POLITICILE coho~kA UALYSOISF
CH1U~'SC I\I L A\ 1iTIOU IUDIISTR~
OPE~INTHCE; DOOR hlark Dougan
Immigration, Ethnicit): and
Globalization in Japan THEB IBLEA KD THE GUY
Betsy Brody Christianit)] in South China,
1860-1 900
THEP OLITICOFS L OCALITY Joseph Tse-Hei Lee
Making a Nation of Communities
i~zT aiwan
Hsin-Yi Lu
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
Published in 2003 by
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Libvay of Congvess Cataloging-itz-PublicationD ata
Ito, Go, 1966-
Alliance in anxiety : dttente and the Sino-American-Japallese triangle1 by Go Ito.
p. cm. (East Asia)
Includes bibliographical references
ISBN 0-41.5-93435-4
1. United States-Foreign relations-China. 2. United States-Foreign relation-
Japan. 3. China-Foreign relations-United States. 4. Japa11-Foreign relation-United
States. 5. China-Foreign relations-Japan. 6. Japa11-Foreign relations-China. 7. United
States-Foreign relation-1969-1974. 8. Detente-History-20th century. 9. Nixon,
Richard M. (Richard Milhous), 1913- 10. Kissinger, Hens!; 1923- I. Title. 11. East Asia
(New York, N.Y.)
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
To my parents Atsuo Ito and Kyoko Ito
And
my most patient wife Ayako
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
EDITEDB Y
EDWARD BEAUCHAMP
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
CONTENTS
Figures
Chronology of Events
Preface
1 Introduction: Detente and the Sino-American-Japanese Triangle
2 The Alliance Dilemma and the Structural Dynamics of Triangles
3 The Emergence of the Sino-American-Japanese
"Romantic Triangle"
4 Japanese Economic Submission to the United States: A Response
to the "Alliance Dilemma"
5 Sino-Japanese Normalization and the End of the American
"Romantic Triangle"
6 Japan's Pursuit of Independence in Foreign Policy:
A New Response to the "Alliance Dilemma"
7 Conclusion: An Analogy of the Triangle between the Detente
Period and Today
Bibliography
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
FIGURES
Figure 1-1:
Security Institutions in Western Europe and East Asia
Figure 2-1 :
Four Types of Triangles
Figure 2-2:
Three Phases in the Sino-American-Japanese Triangle
Figure 2-3:
Sino-Japanese Relations and the U.S.-Japan Relationship
Figure 7-1:
Commonalties between the Early 1970's and the Post-Cold War Era
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
1969
Jan. 21 Nixon's inauguration
Mar. 2 The Soviet-Chinese clash on DamanskyIZhenbao
May 10-1 8 Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans visits Japan,
South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong IZong for textile
negotiations.
May 28 National Security Decision Memorandum 13
Jul. 25 The Guam Doctrine
Nov. 10-12 Wakaizumi agrees with IZissinger on the secret agreement,
which (1)a dmits of U.S. reentry of nuclear weapons after the
U.S. return of Okinawa, and (2) exchanges Japan's export
restraints over textiles for the U.S. reversion of Okinawa.
The Nixon-Sato Meeting in Washington
-They agree to the return of Okinawa in 1972.
-They agree to the U.S. return of Okinawa and the
Japanese concessions over textiles.
1970
Jan. 16 IZiichi Miyazawa became MITI minister for textile
negotiations.
Feb. 11 John B. Connally, former Governor of Texas, became
Secretary of the Treasury in the Nixon administration.
Mar. 9 The Japanese government presents the U.S. with
nide-memoire indicating willingness to undertake
selective export restraints if injury is proven.
Jun. 22-24 The Stans-Miyazawa Meeting on Textiles
Oct. 24 The Second Nixon-Sato Meeting in Washington
Nov. 9- The Flanigan-Ushiba Talks on Textiles (until Dec. 13)
Nov. 20 The U.N. General Assembly takes up the Important
Question Resolution for the entry of the PRC.
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
xii Chronology of Events
1971
Mat 8 The Japanese textile industry announces its voluntary
export restraint plan.
Mat 11 Nixon rejects the Japanese industry's plan.
Apr. 20- Ambassador I<ennedy visits Tokyo and other Far
Eastern countries in pursuit of textile negotiations
(until May 31).
May 31- Kennedy's second round of negotiations (until Jul. 15)
~ ~ 141 . Japan announces an eight-point program to reduce its
balance of payments surplus, including increased import
liberalization, accelerated cuts in tariffs, promotion of
capital investment, reduction of nontariff barriers,
and so forth.
Jun. 15- Takeiri's First Visit to Beijing (until Jul. 6)
Jun. 17 The U.S. and Japan signs the reversion of Okinawa.
Jul. 5 Sato reorganizes the cabinet, with Takeo Fukuda as Foreign
Minister and Kakuei Tanaka as MITI Minister.
Jul. 15 Nixon announces his incoming visit to China
("The First Nixon Shock").
Ju~2.0 - Third Kennedy textile mission (until Aug. 8)
Aug. 13- President Nixon holds a secret meeting of senior
economic and White House officials at Camp David
(until Aug. 15).
Aug. 15 Nixon announces the New Economic Policy
("The Second Nixon Shock"). Japan does not suspend
foreign exchange trading, and the Bank of Japan
continues to buy dollars at the 1 dollar = 360 yen rate
until August 28.
Aug. 28 The Japanese government closes the foreign exchange
market.
Sep. 15 Group of Ten finance ministers meet in London,
but the meeting fails to resolve the dispute.
Sep. 22 Sato decides to co-sponsor Taiwan's U.N. seat with
the United States.
Sep. 25 The G-10 meeting for the IMF and World Bank annual
meeting.
Oct. 15 Tanaka and Kennedy initial "Memorandum of
Understanding" limiting Japanese exports of textiles
to the United States.
Oct. 25 The U.N. General Assembly negates the Important
Question Resolution, and votes to accept the PRC as
China representative.
Nov. 9- Treasury Secretary Connally's visit to Japan (until Nov. 11)
Nov. 10 Tokyo Governor Minobe passes the "Hori letter" to
Zhou Enlai.
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.