All-Optical Signal Processing with Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers and Tunable Filters

858 Pages·2010·68.11 MB·English

by  Dexiu Huang

Advances in Lasers
and Electro Optics

Advances in Lasers
and Electro Optics
Edited by
Nelson Costa and Adolfo Cartaxo
Intech
IV

Published by Intech

Intech
Olajnica 19/2, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia

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© 2010 Intech
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First published April 2010
Printed in India

Technical Editor: Teodora Smiljanic
Cover designed by Dino Smrekar

Advances in Lasers and Electro Optics, Edited by Nelson Costa and Adolfo Cartaxo
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-088-9
Preface

Lasers and electro-optics is a field of research leading to constant breakthroughs.
Indeed, tremendous advances have occurred in optical components and systems since the
invention of laser in the late 50s, with applications in almost every imaginable field of
science including control, astronomy, medicine, communications, measurements, etc. If we
focus on lasers, for example, we find applications in quite different areas. We find lasers, for
instance, in industry, emitting power level of several tens of kilowatts for welding and
cutting; in medical applications, emitting power levels from few milliwatt to tens of Watt for
various types of surgeries; and in optical fibre telecommunication systems, emitting power
levels of the order of one milliwatt.
In this book, some advances of lasers and electro-optics in several fields of science,
covering quite different subjects, are presented. In order to do so, each chapter is self-
contained. Indeed, each chapter is written by different authors who present their research in
a given field. Some elementary knowledge is usually assumed.
This book is divided in four sections. The book presents several physical effects and
properties of materials used in lasers and electro-optics in the first chapter and, in the three
remaining chapters, applications of lasers and electro-optics in three different areas are
presented.
The first section of the book is dedicated to the analysis of physical effects and
properties of materials used in lasers and electro-optics. The characterization of several
materials is performed in the first chapters of the section. Then, some physical effects in
optical components are described and demonstrated. An accurate characterization of
materials and the knowledge of the physical effects occurring in each material are of
extreme importance when the choice of materials for a given application has to be
performed. Some innovative laser implementations are described at the two final chapters of
this section.
The second section of the book is dedicated to communications. Topics related to
optical sampling, all-optical signal processing, optical fibre transmission and data protection
are covered in this section. The electronic acquisition of data is quite difficult when data has
a broad spectrum, requiring improved sampling schemes. Some of those sampling schemes
are discussed. The retiming and reshaping of optical data in the optical domain avoids opto-
electrical conversions. Thus, all-optical signal processing is discussed. New modulation
VI
formats and enhanced transmission systems, required for increasing the data rate available
to each user and reduce the cost of the data transmission, are also presented. A method for
data protection is described and analyzed in the final chapter of the section.
Section three focuses on applications of electro-optics in imaging and processing of
light. Some background on the physical effects leading to the creation of images is firstly
given. Then, materials and strategies for the generation and manipulation of light are
presented. Some applications of the analysis performed in each chapter are referred to along
the chapters. Examples of such applications are the enhancement of the sensitivity of atomic
force microscopes and 3-D displays.
Some applications of electro-optics to biology and medicine are analyzed in section
four. This section focuses mainly on technologies for biological tissues imaging. It is shown
that electro-optics has the potential to acquire quite good representations of microscopic
samples. A chapter related to laser optoperforation for delivering foreign DNA into plants is
presented at the end of this section.
We would like to thank to all authors for their contributions. On the behalf of the
authors, we would like to acknowledge to Vedran Kordic, who coordinated this project, and
to all who made this publication possible. We hope readers enjoy reading this book and that
it benefits both novice and experts, providing a thorough understanding of several fields
related to lasers and electro-optics.

Editors
Nelson Costa and Adolfo Cartaxo
Instituto de Telecomunicações
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Instituto Superior Técnico
Lisboa, Portugal
[email protected]
Contents

Preface V

I Physical Effects and Properties of Materials

1. Optical, Photoluminescent, and Photoconductive Properties 001
of Novel High-Performance Organic Semiconductors
Oksana Ostroverkhova, Andrew D. Platt and Whitney E. B. Shepherd

2. Nonlinear Optical Absorption of Organic Molecules 033
for Applications in Optical Devices
Leonardo De Boni, Daniel S. Corrêa and Cleber R. Mendonça

3. Optical and Spectroscopic Properties of Polymer Layers Doped 059
with Rare Earth Ions
Vaclav Prajzler, Oleksiy Lyutakov, Ivan Huttel, Jiri Oswald and Vitezslav Jerabek

4. Pure χ(3) Third-Harmonic Generation in Noncentrosymmetric Media 069
Kentaro Miyata

5. Semiconductor Ridge Microcavities Generating 083

Counterpropagating Entangled Photons
Xavier Caillet, Adeline Orieux, Ivan Favero, Giuseppe Leo and Sara Ducci

6. Two-Wave Mixing in Broad-Area Semiconductor Amplifier 099
Mingjun Chi, Jean-Pierre Huignard and Paul Michael Petersen

7. Frequency Conversion based on Three-Wave Parametric Solitons 113
Fabio Baronio, Matteo Conforti, Costantino De Angelis,
Antonio Degasperis, Sara Lombardo and Stefan Wabnitz
VIII

8. Analogue of the Event Horizon in Fibers 137
Friedrich König, Thomas G. Philbin, Chris Kuklewicz,
Scott Robertson, Stephen Hill and Ulf Leonhardt

9. Ultrafast Semiconductor Quantum Optics 165
Rudolf Bratschitsch and Alfred Leitenstorfer

10. Artificial Intelligence Tool and Electronic Systems 173
Used to Develop Optical Applications
Margarita Tecpoyotl-Torres, Alberto Ochoa,
Jesús Escobedo-Alatorre, Miguel Basurto-Pensado,
Arturo García-Arias and Jessica Morales-Valladares

11. Theory of Unitary Spin Rotation and Spin State Tomography 197
for a Single Electron and Two Electrons
T. Takagahara

12. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Phase Conjugate Mirror and its 229
Application to Coherent Beam Combined Laser System Producing
a High Energy, High Power, High Beam Quality,
and High Repetition Rate Output
Hong Jin Kong, Seong Ku Lee, Jin Woo Yoon,
Jae Sung Shin and Sangwoo Park

13. The Intersubband Approach to Si-based Lasers 255
Greg Sun

II Applications in Communications

14. Evolution of Optical Sampling 289
Gianluca Berrettini, Antonella Bogoni, Francesco Fresi,
Gianluca Meloni and Luca Potì

15. NIR Single Photon Detectors with Up-conversion Technology 315

and its Applications in Quantum Communication Systems
Lijun Ma, Oliver Slattery, and Xiao Tang

16. All-Optical Signal Processing with Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 337
and Tunable Filters
Xinliang Zhang, Xi Huang, Jianji Dong, Yu Yu,
Jing Xu and Dexiu Huang

17. Nonlinear Photonic Signal Processing Subsystems and Applications 369
Chi-Wai Chow and Yang Liu
IX
18. Wavelength Conversion and 2R-Regeneration 395
in Simple Schemes with Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
Napoleão S. Ribeiro, Cristiano M. Gallep, and Evandro Conforti

19. Optical DQPSK Modulation Performance Evaluation 427
Nelson Costa and Adolfo Cartaxo

20. Fiber-to-the-Home System with Remote Repeater 453
An Vu Tran, Nishaanthan Nadarajah and Chang-Joon Chae

21. Photonic Millimeter-wave Generation 479
and Distribution Techniques for Millimeter/sub-millimeter
Wave Radio Interferometer Telescope
Hitoshi Kiuchi and Tetsuya Kawanishi

22. Quantum Direct Communication 505
Gui Lu Long, Chuan Wang, Fu-Guo Deng, and Wan-Ying Wang

III Applications in Imaging and Light Processing

23. Beating Difraction Limit using Dark States 531
Hebin Li and Yuri Rostovtsev

24. The Physics of Ghost Imaging 549
Yanhua Shih

25. High Performance Holographic Polymer Dispersed 595
Liquid Crystal Systems Formed
with the Siloxane-containing Derivatives
and Their Applications on Electro-optics
Yeonghee Cho and Yusuke Kawakami

26. Multicolor Stationary Light 617
Yi Chen, Serguei Andreevich Moiseev and Byoung Seung Ham

27. Fundamentals and Applications 633
of Quantum Limited Optical Imaging
Warwick P. Bowen, Magnus T. L. Hsu and Jian Wei Tay

28. Broadband Light Generation in Raman-active Crystals Driven 655
by Femtosecond Laser Fields
Miaochan Zhi, Xi Wang and Alexei V. Sokolov
X
29. Holographic 3-D Displays - Electro-holography within 683
the Grasp of Commercialization
Stephan Reichelt, Ralf Häussler, Norbert Leister, Gerald Fütterer,
Hagen Stolle and Armin Schwerdtner

IV Applications in Biology and Medicine

30. Combining Optical Coherence Tomography with Fluorescence Imaging 711
Shuai Yuan and Yu Chen

31. Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography in Cardiology 735
Wen-Chuan Kuo

32. Two-photon Fluorescence Endomicroscopy 751
Yicong Wu and Xingde Li

33. Quantitative Phase Imaging using Multi-wavelength 769
Optical Phase Unwrapping
Nilanthi Warnasooriya and Myung K. Kim

34. Synchrotron-Based Time-Resolved X-ray Solution 787
Scattering (Liquidography)
Shin-ichi Adachi, Jeongho Kim and Hyotcherl Ihee

35. Application of Ultrafast Laser Optoperforation for Plant Pollen Walls 809
and Endothelial Cell Membranes
Sae Chae Jeoung, Mehra Singh Sidhu, Ji Sang Yahng,
Hyun Joo Shin and GuYoun Baik