All Necessary Measures: The United Nations and Humanitarian Intervention

317 Pages·2013·1.48 MB·English

by  Carrie Booth Walling

All Necessary Measures
PENNSYLVANIASTUDIESINHUMANRIGHTS
BertB.Lockwood,Jr.,SeriesEditor
Acompletelistofbooksintheseriesisavailablefromthepublisher.
ALL NECESSARY MEASURES
THE UNITED NATIONS
AND HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION
Carrie Booth Walling
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PRESS
PHILADELPHIA
Copyright(cid:1)2013UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress
Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsusedforpurposesofreviewor
scholarlycitation,noneofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanymeans
withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher.
Publishedby
UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-4112
www.upenn.edu/pennpress
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper
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ISBN978-0-8122-4534-9
To Dayne, Bennett, and Emery
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C o n t e n t s
1. ConstructingHumanitarianIntervention 1
2. TheEmergenceofHumanRightsDiscourseintheSecurityCouncil:
DomesticRepressioninIraq,1990–1992 33
3. StateCollapseinSomaliaandtheEmergenceofSecurityCouncil
HumanitarianIntervention 62
4. FromNoninterventiontoHumanitarianIntervention:ContestedStories
AboutSovereigntyandVictimhoodinBosnia-Herzegovina 89
5. ThePerpetratorStateandSecurityCouncilInaction:
TheCaseofRwanda 119
6. InternationalLaw,HumanRights,andStateSovereignty:TheSecurity
CouncilResponsetoKillingsinKosovo 151
7. ComplexConflictsandObstaclestoRescueinDarfur,Sudan 185
8. TheResponsibilitytoProtect,IndividualCriminalAccountability,
andHumanitarianInterventioninLibya 213
9. CausalStories,HumanRights,andtheEvolutionofSovereignty 243
Notes 269
Index 303
Acknowledgments 307
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C h a p t e r 1
Constructing Humanitarian Intervention
Itisimportantthatwhenciviliansingravedangercryout,the
internationalcommunity,undaunted,isreadytorespond.
—UNSecurityCouncil,17March2011
Ontheeveningof17March2011,membersoftheUnitedNationsSecurity
Council (UNSC) met to discuss the deteriorating security situation in
Libya. It was the fourth Security Council meeting on Libya in a month
following the outbreak of violence between Colonel Muammar Qadhafi’s
regime and the opponents to his rule. What started out in mid-February
as peaceful protests against arbitrary arrest and extrajudicial killing by the
government quickly deteriorated into an armed rebellion to overthrow
Qadhafi and remove his regime from power. In the face of early rebel ad-
vances in the western region of the country, Qadhafi’s son Saif al-Islam
Qadhafi had threatened that ‘‘rivers of blood will run through Libya’’ and
casualties would increase from the dozens into the thousands if protesters
refused to accept regime-initiated reforms.1 Hours before the 17 March
Security Council meeting, Colonel Qadhafi’s forces were poised to retake
the rebel-held city of Benghazi. Qadhafi warned Benghazi’s residents that
hisforceswouldcomethatnightand‘‘theywouldshownomercyorcom-
passion’’ to the opponents of his rule.2 The Security Council, in United
Nations (UN) headquarters in New York, was contemplating the text of a
draftresolutionsubmittedbyFrance,Lebanon,theUnitedKingdom(UK),
andtheUnitedStates(U.S.).Theresolutionproposedthecreationofano-
flyzone intheairspaceofLibya and authorizedmemberstatestotake‘‘all
necessarymeasures’’toprotectciviliansandcivilianpopulatedareasunder