All About Particles: A Handbook of Japanese Function Words (Power Japanese Series) (Kodansha's Children's Classics)

73 Pages·2001·30.02 MB·English

by  Naoko Chino

t'
CONTENTS
-H- ril
'u(cid:631)民 Preface 7 19. Kurai (gurai) --llit
くらい(ぐらい) 75
Z 1. Waは 10 t-i
IALげ 2. Gaカf 13 20. Hodo ほど 77 ! t;--
LJr 3. Moも 26 21. Bakariばかり 78 J-::
f j
p川 22. Dakeだけ 81 le
d 4. -Temo(-demo) i
T r
T ても(でも) 29 23. Shikaしか 85 t-
: i-
J・ 5. Demoでも 30 24. Nomiのみ 86 -13
4 -1
76 6. Toと 33 25. Kiriきり 87 i:
H j
7. Towaとは 40 26. Nodeので 88
4HR!V-川1 8. Yaや 41 27. Monodeもので 89
SPereriveiso (凶19ly91p)u. blished under the same title in the Power Japanese L-4a 9. Tokaとか 42 28. Keredomoけれども 卯
、tF
Distributed in the United States by Kodansha America，In c.， ho場iF 10. Nadoなど 43 29. Tokoro deところで 92
and in the United Kingdom and continental Europeby' Kodansha
EuropeLtd. 事.、-s~.I 11. Kaか 45 30. Noniのに 93
PBuunblkiysohe・dk ub，yT Kookdyaon s1h12a- I8n6t5e2ma，atin odn Ka1 oLdtadn.s，h1a7 - A1m4e Orticoaw，aI n1 c-. chome， 12. Deで 49 31. KIlSeni くせに 94
白 pyrightC 1991 by Naoko Chino. 13. Niに 52 32. Mononoものの 95
IAlSlB rNi-g1h3t:s ←r9e7sふe-rv4e-d7. 7P0r0i-n2t7ed8 1i-n 8Japan. 11， 14. Eへ 60 33. Tokoro gaところカf 96
ISBN10: 7700-2781-8
・ 15. Karaから 61 34. -Ba ば 97
First edition，19 91
First回 depaperback edition，20 01 16. Madeまで 65 35. -Taraたら 1ω
12 11 10 09 08 07 06 15 14 13 12 11 10987
、a事内 17. Noの 68 36. Naraなら 102
:坦庁
、
www.1uHuJnsha・intLcom ‘ 18.0を 72 37. Mononaraものなら 103
川
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38. Tokoroところ 105 59. Naな 135
PREFACE
39.M onooものを 106 60. Saさ 137
40. -Nagaraなが6 107 6l. Kotoこと 138
4l. -Tariたり 108 62.- Kkeっけ 139
42.S hiし 110 63. -Ttebaってば 140
4"3. Tomoとも 111 64. -1い 140 Some things are easier to learn出叩 others.Take，fo r instance，
Japanese nouns，ve rbs，ad jectives，an d adverbs. Once you have a
44. Yaraやら 114 65. Monoもの 141 litt1eg rammar under your belt，yo u can pick them up and squirrel
45. Danoだの 116 66. Zeぜ 143 themawaywi血relativeease. For some reason，th ough，出isdoesn't
work with partic1es. They can'tbe looked up，pi nned down，or
46~ Nariなり 117 67. Zoぞ 143
pigeonholed in the same way that their fel10ws can. Yet their cor-
47. -Tewa (-dewa) 68. Monokaものか 144 rect usage is essential to speaking Japanese wi出anydegree of
ては(では) 119 日uency.
69. Niに 145
Whyar e partic1es so elusive? Because partic1es are next to mean-
48. Dokoroどころ 121
ingless as isolated entities. Ap artic1e，in fact，mi ght be defined as
49. Toshiteとして 122 ano n-conjugating part of speech，be aring an absolute minimum
Index 146
50. Yoriより 123 of independent meaning，wh ich atlaches itself to other parts of
speech and thereby places them in context. Thus，a s tatement
5l. Saeさえ 126 consisting of as ingle partic1ew ouldn't convey much meaning.
52. Suraすら 127 But the addition of another word would make aw orld of differ-
ence. A phrase like おかoni (to Tokyo)，fo r instance，w ould
53. Kosoこそ 127 communicate something，bu t not ni by itself. The rule of thumb
ightbe:Ja panese partic1es have virtual1yn o meaning bereft of
叩
context.
Sentence-ending In血isbook，1 pr opose to c1arify the functions of ac onsider-
Particles able number of partic1es，to describe their various usages，an d，
..y
most irnportant，to exemplify each and eve usage with sample
54. Neね 128 sentences. Only in白isway-through context-can thes tudent
55. Yoよ 131 truly come to grips with the Japanese partic1e.
Don'tbe surprised by certain of the partic1es taken up here.
56. Waわ 132 福島守 For example，th ere is-b a，as in nomeba (if [you] drink).Yo u may
v、司
57. Kanaかな 133 出i叫E出at-ba is not apa rtic1eat a，1lbut an inflection of the verb
nomu. Grammatically speaking，h owever，-b a iso ne of asp ecies
58. Kashiraかしら 134
of partic1e白紙 fol1owsconjugated verbs(i n出iscase，n ome-).
11
!
1
8 Preface

1
Since -ba and others of its tribe are not only true particles but l
exhibit am 凶tiplicityof usage well worth your attention，1 h ave ，
chosen to include them.
AII About Particles
An effort has been made to present the particles in order of
frequency-the more common first; the less，la ter. An attempt
has also been made to group particles by meaning. Neither the
ordering nor the grouping，ho wever，is entirely consistent，si nce
the two systems are now and then at loggerheads. Af urther com-
plication is that some of the more basic particles have usages
belonging more properly to an intermediate or advanced level of
stuCdyr.o s(sA lrle ufesraegnecse sat atrhee sper otvwiod eledv ewlhse arree smiamirlkareidti weis tehx iasstt ebreistkws.e)e n 141isll1』
wnfdioior旺tt h ewtorhreuiuntlete e epcvaqeerurtniti vacaialnle sse p.ln aitgrTshth tii icnslc e hwsta ahmnesg a esnye oni btns e ed mbo出aensaieantc awiloinlntgyhe aoo lcuri atkane s ，cor 出eemrpetelyaa imcanier s eog aduinsvdouintanehlgselssry， ‘114aubiJP611什川11p
btchreeetsewepe itenwngo w pinaa.r taiIncndu l pagararl tybi pecceulasaukrsy，e p ato rhtfei rctelh eesa .r fer eqnuuemnet rionutser pcloamy pbaertiwseoenns 141141111911u!
For those who wish to test their proficiency through exercises
ゴ
or who want more sample sentences，se e myG aikokuinno tama
no joshi (外国人のための助調)published in Tokyo by Musashino
Shoin (武蔵野書院).
Finally，I出ankSuzuki Shigeyoshi and Michael Brase，my edi-
tors at Kodansha International，fo r their help. Mys incere thanks
also go to Jay Thomas，w ho did most of the translation白血e
body of the book and 0能redm叩 yvaluable suggestions. With-
out the cooperation of these three，th is book would never have
come into being.
10 WA
WA 11
回lWAI
は あさっては日曜日ですね。
違います。明日が日曜日ですよ。
Note: Wah as several usages，bu t its basic function is to set off ato pic (e.g.， Asatte wa nichiyobi desu ne.
of conversation) from the rest of the sentence，wh ich talks about the topic.
Chigaimasu・Ashitaga nichiyobi desu yo.
Technically，w a does not indicate case (subject，ob ject，et cふHowever，in
The day after tomorrow is Sunday，isn 't it.
practical terms，it often (but not always) comes a食紅白esubject of the sen-
tence. See also ωwa(#7)and ・tewa(#47). You're wrong there. Tomorrow js Sunday.
1. Indicates that information is being presented about some-
3. In theconstruction N +w a N +g 仏， waindicates at opic (出e
thing that isalready known or出.athas been identified.
first noun) about which anωpect or quality (the second noun)
is explained.
あそこに赤い本がありますね。あれは漢字の本です。
Asoko ni akai hon ga arimasu ne. Are wak anji no hon desu. 象は鼻が長いです。
Over there is ar ed book，ri ght. It'sa k anji book. /S ee the red Zo wa hana ga nagai desu.
book overt here? That' sa k anji book.
The elephantー itsnose is long./ E lephants have long noses.
あの大学は、四谷駅の近くにあります。
竹本さんは性格が優しいです。
Ano daigaku w仏 Yotsuya-ekino chikaku ni arimasu. Takemoto-san was eikaku ga yasashii desu.
That university-it'sn ear Yotsuya Station./ T hat university is a
As for Takemoto，h er personality is gentle. /T akemoto has
near Yotsuya Station.
gentle nature.
2. Indicates at opic，wh ich is白enidentified or explained.
• 4. Used to show contrast between two items or ideas，bo th of
明日は日曜日です。 6 which aresignifiedby wa.
Ashita wa nichiyobi desu. 会ま
'， 漢字は難しいですが、日本語の文法はあまり難しくないん
As for tomorrow，it' s Sunday. /T omorrow is Sunday.
です。
鯨は魚ではありません。 aiJhf Kaknajsih wikau mnuaziu-kna dsehsiui. de su g ，aNihon-go no bunpo wa amari muzu-
Kujira was akana de wa arimasen.
As fort he whale，it is not af ish. /T hew hale is not af ish. Kanjia問 difficult，but Japanese grammar is not very difficult.
Note: If ga replaces wa in these sentences，th e noun which it follows is no 北海道の冬は寒いですが、東京は暖かいです。
ル
longer being presented as ato pic but as the subject of the predicate (see g偽， Hokkaido no yuwas amui desu ga，To kyo waa tatakai desu.
#2，1- 2). The switch from topic (wa) to definite subject (ga) lays stress on 百leHokkaido winter is cold，bu t [由e]Tokyo [winter] is warm. /
the latter. For example: It's cold in Hokkaido h the winter，butwarm in Tokyo-
‘'‘
GA 13
12 WA
R
Note: In some cases，on ly one item or idea is explicitly mentioned. For お茶は飲みましたが、時間がなかったので食事はしません
example，in the following sentence，th e impJication is白紙白eperson might でした。
go to ac heaper restaurant. Ocha wa nomimashita ga，ji kan ga.nak atta no de shokuji wa shi-
masen deshita.
高いから、あのレストランには行きません。 1h ad some tea，bu t since there wasn't much time，1 d idn't eat
Takai kara，an o resutoran ni wai kimasen. (have am eal).
Because it's expensive，1 w on't go to白atrestaurant. I1 a mn ot
going to thatrestaurant because it'st oo expensive.
Note: In its contrastive function，wa comes after other particles (e.g.，ni wa， 園l
de wa). Two important exceptions are when it replaces ga and 0，as in the GAIが
next example.
1. Indicat白 血subjectof血esentence or，wi 血certain
，
バターを買いましたか。 verbs anda djectivesthe object.
マーガリンは買いましたが、バターは買いませんでした。
1. Indicates existence; used with such verbs as aru，go zaimasu，iru，
Bata kaimashita ka.
0
irassharu.
Magarin wa kaimashita ga，ba ta wa kaim.asendeshita.
Didy ou buy some butter? あそこに私のボールペンがありますか。
1b ought some margarine，bu t 1d idn't buy ybutter.1 1b ought Asoko ni watashi no borupen ga arimasu ka.
組
some margarine，bu t not any butter. Is myb all-point pen over白ere?
あそこに郵便局があります。
5. In the forms V-te wa iru (first example below) and V-masu
base followed by wa and suru (second and third examples) b Asoko ni yubin匂'okuga arimasu.
，附
長
indicates emphasis. See also ・tewa(#47). There's ap ost 0伍ceover出ere.
コンピュータを持つてはいますが、まだ使って(は)いません。 私の会社には、女の人が50人以上います。
Konpyuta 0 motte wai masuμ mada tsuka的 (wa)imasen. Watashi no kaisha ni wa，on na no hito ga goju-nin ijo imasu.
1o wn ac omput [1do own ac omputerl ，bu t 1h aven't used it yet.
ぽ There are more than飴 ywomen血mycompany.
あの人を知つてはいますが、あまり話したことはありません。
Note: Wa can replace ga in such sentences when (first example below) some-
Ano hito 0s hitte wa imasu ga，am ari hanashita koto waa rimasen. 白血gis being contrasted (my ball-point pen，sa y，in contrast to myp encil)
1k now him，bu t 1h aven't spoken to him much. or when (second example) information is being presented about as ubject
already identified. See wa (#1，no s.1， 4).
-
01;" -E
14 GA GA 15
-
t
a
私のボールペンはあそこにありますか。 3. Indicates the subject of an intransitive verb. e
Watashi no borupen waa soko ni arimasu ka.
戸が聞きました。
l
Is myb all-point pen over there?
To ga akimashita. o
The door opened. 'l
郵便局はどこにありますか。 l
(郵便局は)駅の前にあります。 i
雨が降っている。
-
Yubin-kyoku wa doko ni arimasu ka.
Ameg a futte iru. -
(Yubin-kyoku wa) ekino mae ni a付mωu. !t's raining. !
Where is白epost office?
(Thepost 0節目is)in froht of the station. Note: Wa (#1，no . 4) can replace ga for contrastive purposes:
雨は降っているが、雪はまだ降っていません。
2. Indicates the subject of the predicate.
Amew af utte iru伊，yuki wam ada角的imasen.
あそこに桜が咲いています。 It'sr aining，bu t it'sn otsnowingyet.
Asoko ni sakura ga saite imωu.
The cherry trees are blooming over出ere. 4. Indicates the subject of the sentence when new，as -yet -unknown
information is being presented.
あの山を見てください。まだ雪が残っていますよ。
Ano yama mite kudasa .iMada yuki ga nokotte imasu yo. こちらが山田さんです。
0
Lookat白紙mountain.There's still snow on it. (Lit.， ... snow still Kochiraga Yamada-san desu.
remns.) This is Mr. Yamada. (a personal introduction)
創
Note: When making aco ntrast，wa (#1，no . 4)αn replace ga: 昨日友達のジヤックがあなたに会いたいと言っていました。
Kinδtomodachi no Jakku ga anata ni aitai to itte imashita.
あそこに桜は咲いていますが、梅は咲いていません。
Yesterday my企iendJack said出athe wanted to meet you.
Asoko ni sakura was aite imasu ga，u me was aite imasen.
百lecherry trees are blooming over there，bu t the plum trees are not. Note: Here again wa (#1，no . 4) can replace ga for contrastive purposes:
ご紹介します。こちらが山田さんで、こちらは鈴木さんです。
Goshδkaishimωu. Kochira ga Yamada-san de，ko chira wa Suzuki-
san desu.
Let med o the introductions. This is Mr. Yamada，an d出isis Ms.
Suzuki.
.
'....
GA 17
16 GA
1週間で私が読む本は4冊です。
も.，、 5. Used with interrogative words in questions.
Isshukan de watashi ga yomu hon way onsatsu desu.
1r ead four books aw eek [in one week]. (Lit.， Four books is what
1r ead in one week.)
どの人が課長ですか。
D~no hito ga kachδdesu ka. Note: No (#17，1- 5) may replace ga in出isusage.
Which one [person) is the section chief?
誰が一番早くきましたか。 7. lndicates the subject of ac1 ause ending in ka.
Dare ga ichiban hayaku kimashita ka. なぜ彼がそんなことをやったか、わかりません。
Whoc ame [arrived) first? Naze kare ga sonna koto 0y atta ka，wa karimasen.
1d on't know whyh e did that [lit.，•• • something like that].
Note: Wa( #1，no s. 1，2) can replace ga if ato pic is being presented:
どうして彼女があんなつまらない本を読んでいるのか、不
課長はどの人ですか。
思議です。
Kacho wad ono hito desu ka.
Do shite kanojo ga anna tsumaranai hon yonde iru no ka，fu shigi
0
The section chieι-which one [person) is he? /W hich one is白e desu.
section chief?
lt is am yste可tome [beyond me) why she's reading such ab oring
book [a boring book like that).
b) ln asking for ac hoice:
8. lndicates the subject of as ubordinate or conditional c1ause
すしとてんぷらとどちらが好きですか。 when it is di百erentfrom the subject of the main c1ause.
Sushi to tenpuraωdochira ga suki desu ka.
.a) Subordinatec1auses.
Which do you like better，su shi or tempura?
母が日本にくる前に、(私は)この部屋をきれいに掃除しなけ
中国語と日本語と、どちらがむずかしいですか。
ればならない。
Chugoku-goωNihon-go to，do chira ga muzukashii desu ka.
Haha ga Nihon ni kuru mae ni，[ watashi waJ kono heya 0k irei ni
Which is more difficult，Ch inese dr Japanese? soji shinakereba naranai.
Before mym other comes to Japan，1h ave to make this room nice
6. lndicates the subject of ar elative c1ause. and c1ean.
先週私が見た映画はつまらかなった。 母が来たとき、私はごちそうを作った。
Senshu wa印shiga mita eiga wa tsumaranakatta. Hahaga kitaωki，wa tashi wa gochiso 0 tsukutta.
The movie 1s aw last week was boring. When mym other came，1p repared quite as pread.
~
GA 19
母が来たあと、私は買物に出かけた。 山田さんは、中国語はわかりますが、英語はわかりません。 I li11H1劃配配川間
Haha ga kita ato，wa tashi wa kaimono ni dekaketa. Yamada-san W ，aChugoku-go wa wakarimωug a，Ei go wa wakari・ --
A丘町mymo曲erαme，1w ent out shopping. masen.
Yan凶 aunde附 andsChinese，bu t not English. h“
i
b) Conditiona1 cIauses. E'f
i
e
ls
あの人が行くんだったら、私は行かない。 10.In dicates the object ofverbs of sensation (mieru and kikoeru) i--r
-i
Ano hito ga iku-n dattara，wa tashi wa ikanai. as w~ll as suru in certain uses. --1131踊
Ifhe's going，1a mn o .t j1
ここから富士山が見えます。 1
1
%
Koko kara Fuji-san ga miemasu.
あなたがそう言うなら、納豆を食べてみます。 Jあ
Mt. Fuji can be seen合omhere. IY ou can see Mt. Fuji合omhere. Rt
Anata ga so iu nara，na tto 0 tabete mimasu. h
1
4
Ifyou say so [ifyou recommend it，in sist，et c.J，I'l l t庁 somefer- 朝の台所は、コーヒーの香りがします。 1
i
mented beans. 1
J Asa no daidokoro w ，akohi no kaori ga shimasu.
t t
14 The kitchen smells of co依ein the morning. II n the morning ，i''， ::h;!
t9h.eI npdoitecnattieasl tfhoer mosbj oefcvte robfs )V.E rbs of abHity(ddim附 karu， and ifftT Notyeo: uW caan (# s1m，enlo l. 4co) fωfnee r e[pblarceew gian gfo]r icnon ttrhaes tk:i tchen. h11h‘'守孟砂，ii11hii1)Hil
阿部さんはゴルフができます。 .ld
1 l
Abe-san gorufuga dekimωu. ここから富士山は見えますが、登る人の姿I~見えません。
附
Abe can play [li ，.tdoJ go If. Koko kara Fuji-san wa miemasu ga，n oboru hito no sugaωwa
mJemasen.
岡田さんはピアノが弾けます。 Youαnsee Mt. F吋i合omhere，bu t not the figures of the people
Okada-san wa piano ga hikemasu. climbing it.
Okada can play the piano.
11. Indicates the object of verbs and adjectives of necessity
山田さんは中国語がわかります。
(hitsuyo d iru).
仏，
Yamada-san wa Chugoku-go ga wakarimasu.
Yamada understands Chinese. 耳 私はお金が要る。
a ぞ宇
Watashi wa okane ga iru.
Note: Wa (#1，no . 4)αn replace ga to create aco ntr今ast: 1n eed money.
20 GA
・、 GA 21
8
交通の安全のため、厳しい規則が必要です。
13. Indicates the object ofverbs and adjectives of emotion (suki
Kotsu no anzen no tame，ki bishii kisoku ga hitsuyo desu. d kiraida，ur eshi ，ikanashi ，iko附i，shinpai suru， etc.). Compare
仏
Strict rules are needed for traffic safety. the use ofo (#18，no . 5) wi出verbsin the -加iand -garu form5.
Note: "'匂(#1，no. 4) replaces ga when aco ntrast is being made: 私はモーツアルトが大好きです。
Watashi wa Motsuaruto ga daisuki desu.
私は、お金は要るが、物は要らない。 1lo ve Mozart.
Watashi wq，ok ane wa iru ga，mo no wa iranai.
1ne ed money，bu t 1do n't need things. ジョンさんは納豆が嫌いです。
Jon-san wa natto ga kirai desu.
John doesn'tli ke fermented soybeans.
12.Indicates the object ofadjectives ofdesire(1105hiiand出e-tai
form ofverbs). Compare the use of 0 (#18，no . 5) with血e-garu
秋になると台風が心配です。
and -taiformsofverbs.
Aki ni naru to tai声gashinpai desu.
時間とお金が欲しい。
In the fall，ty phoons are aw orry [a problem].
Jikanωokane ga hoshii.
1wa nt time and money. 花子はこんなすばらしいプレゼントをくれたんですよ。その
気持ちが嬉しいです。
冷たいものが飲みたい。 Hanako wa konna subarashii purezenωok ureta-n desu yo. Sono
Tsumetai mono ga nomitai. kimochi ga ureshii desu.
1wa nt something cold to drink. Hanako gave me this wonderful present. I'm 50 pleased by her
thoughtfnlness.
Note: Wa (#1，no .4) replaces ga when aco ntrast is being made:
Note: Wa (#1，no. 4) can besubstituted for ga to create aco ntrast:
冷たいものは飲みたいが、温かいものは要りません。
Tsumetai mono wa nomitai ga，at atakai mono wa irimasen. ジムさんは納豆let嫌いだが、するめは大好きです。
I'dli ke to drink something cold，bu t not anything hot. Jimu-san wa nattδwa kirai da ga，su rume wa daisuki desu.
Jim doesn't like fermented soybeans，bu t he loves dried cuttlefi5h.
画面園田園・・・圃・・圃・圃圃圃薗圃薗薗薗圃薗圃・・・箇箇園量画面薗圃
弓"...開申唄現時ζ"'.'
，i
GA
A 2
14. Indicates the object of adjectives of ab出ty(jozu na，he ta n ，a 2. Indicates出atag iven subject has two different qualities:“but，
ωkui n ，akiyo n ，aetc.).
al出oughプ
新しい首相は、俳句が上手だそうです。
桜の花はきれいだが、香りがない。
Atarashii shushδwa，ha ikuga戸iZUdasδdesu. Sakura no hana kireida ga，ka ori ga nai.
附
The newp rime minister is said to be good at haiku.
Cherry blossoms a pretty，but they have no fragrance.
f 、-民
zz:;
川さんは語学力鴇意で、フランス語もイ夕リア芦もできま丸
U4ぷ この映画は面白いが、長すぎますね。
附 gog伊ta加ku伊 ω枕kui仇 Fura1伽 g伊o仰mo/加;ωt制G町 om Kono eiga wa omoshiroi gl仏 nagasugimasune.
“
∞ This movie is interesting，bu t it's just too long.
Og伊.:a，w附ai必sg伊'Ood紙a州tlan伊gu喝ag町es;shecans叩ipe北ak加bot血hPrench and Italian.
Note: W・a (#1，no . 4) replaces ga when aco ntrast is intended: 3. Connects two clauses with.out any adversative implication
(cf. 11-1，ab ove):“and." t1
i
新しい首相は、俳句は上手ですが、政治はまあまあです。 iii
谷さんは頭がいいが、横田さんもいいで}す。 lul
AThUseomn:Me0iwsnprpriuumns eMm附l削haikuwa.jδiZU des明 利iwama偏 向u TTaannii- iss ainn twelali agtenatm，aa gn adi iso伊 is ，YYookkootωa.- san mo ii desu. --11141Jvin-HパJ叩引
1r
昨日富士山を初めて見ましたが、きれいでした。 1ktt1
sIeLn Utesnecdes b)e，tuwse ueanll dyawuisteh st(h組e mdes創o姐mnetgi“mbeuts. a"t the end of K1isn aδwFuMjt. i-Fs吋ani 0fo hra tjhiem eftires tm itmiamseh yietsat egrad，akyi， reain dde sit hiwtaa.s beautifuI. !i‘t-t
l

1.usedbetweentwoclausestoindicatedlattheYEareopposedirl
4. Indicates ap relimin yremark.ー
meaning (c .fII・3，below):“but，a1出 ou凶 釘
そこ;の;頃t昼mhはm暖かいんですが、夜は寒くなりましt::'n Ninotteer:l oTchuitso rt，yspee n soifn sge wnhteantc iet iiss t0o 食feonlltoewr，mtian keast eudp a tfhteer tg h，raeaatd wofh icconhv eprosiantti otnh.e
仇
附 仰 仰i-nd仰， μ 卯問附 5 kunαωarima
私、広野と申しますが、ご主人はいらっしゃいますか。
Latωely，出e白da戸arewarm，but the nidlts have urned cold./It's Watashi，Hi rono to moshimasu ga，go shujin wa irasshaimasuk a.
warm duringthe daytime these days，but cold atnight-
.M yn ame is Hirono. Is your husband home?
私の家からスーパーは近いんですが、駅は遠いんですo
先日お願いしたことですが、どうなりましたでしょうか。
M匂tdshinoie Kura sdpd wud ikai-n de5149aeb-wu t6i-F1da---
Senjitsu onegai shita koto desu ga，do narimashita desho ka.
T-h一口nupm紅ketis cl悦 tomyh ouse，bu t the train似 tion-hr About the request 1m ade severa1 days ago，ho w has it turned out
[has there been any progress]?