Ali Al_Waeli Thesis___ final

172 Pages·2015·2.1 MB·English

AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND AQUACULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FEEDING

Ph.D. Thesis
∆ιερεύνηση της επίδρασης προσθήκης Cd, Se και Zn στο σιτηρέσιο κρεοπαραγωγών
ορνιθίων σε παραγωγικές και βιοχηµικές παραµέτρους
Investigation of the effect of Cd, Se and Zn supplementation in broiler feed on productive
and biochemical parameters
ALI KHAYOON MOHAMMED AL-WAELI
M.Sc., AL-MUSIAB/ TECHNICAL COLLEGE/ FOUNDATION OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION/
MINISTRY OF HIGH EDUCATION & SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH/ IRAQ
Supervising Committee:
K. Fegeros, Professor of AUA
G. Zervas, Professor of AUA
I. Politis, Professor of AUA

Athens - Greece

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AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND AQUACULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGY AND FEEDING

∆ιερεύνηση της επίδρασης προσθήκης Cd, Se και Zn στο σιτηρέσιο κρεοπαραγωγών
ορνιθίων σε παραγωγικές και βιοχηµικές παραµέτρους
Investigation of the effect of Cadmiumd, Selenium and Zinc supplementation in broiler
feed on productive and biochemical parameters
ALI KHAYOON MOHAMMED AL-WAELI
M.Sc., AL-MUSIAB/ TECHNICAL COLLEGE/ FOUNDATION OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION/
MINISTRY OF HIGH EDUCATION & SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH/ IRAQ
Examination Committee:
1. K. Fegeros, Professor of AUA
2. G. Zervas, Professor of AUA
3. I. Politis, Professor of AUA
4. S. Chadio, Associate Professor of AUA
5. E. Zoidis, Lecturer of AUA
6. A.C. Pappas, Lecturer of AUA
7. M. Goliomytis, Lecturer of AUA
Athens - Greece

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To
My Heart and my soul (My Mother)
To
My sisters
And
My nephew Hussain
With all my love

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my deepest thanks to my God (ALLAH)
My sincere gratitude and appreciation to the following persons and / or Institutions for their
contribution to this thesis:

• Prof. K. Fegeros (Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Department of Nutritional
Physiology and Feeding) for his support and his beneficial advises.

• Prof. G. Zervas (Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Department of Nutritional
Physiology and Feeding) for his suggestions support and beneficial advises.

• Prof. I. Politis (Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Department of Animal
Breeding and Husbandry) for his support, suggestions and beneficial advises.

• Dr. E. Zoidis (Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Department of Nutritional
Physiology and Feeding) for his support, suggestions and beneficial advises.

• Dr. A.C. Pappas (Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Department of Nutritional
Physiology and Feeding) for his support, suggestions and beneficial advises.

• IKY (State Schollarship Foundation).
• Dr. Nasser Nori Al- Anbari (Agriculture University of Baghdad - Iraq)
• Greek Embassy in Baghdad - Iraq
• Iraq Embassy in Athens - Greece
• Greek Embassy in NYC - USA
• Maria Georgiadou (Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Department of
Nutritional Physiology and Feeding)

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• Panagiotis Georgiou
• Tasia Pogthani
• Kathleen Covley
• Lisa Smith

Thank you all for your help.
Without you, this work would not have been completed.

AL-WAELI ALI

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Contents
Περίληψη
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Abstract 17
Part A Background 20
1.1. Trace elements 21
1.2. Cadmium 23
1.2.1. Identity and origin 23
1.2.2. Cadmium metabolism 24
1.2.3. Cadmium carcinogenesis 25
1.2.4. Cadmium in different tissues 26
1.2.5. Cadmium in chicken 28
1.2.6. Cadmium (Cd) bound with metallothionein (MT) 29
1.3. Selenium 31
1.3.1. Identity and origin 31
1.3.2. Selenium in food of animal origin 33
1.3.3. Selenium’s bioavailability 34
1.3.4. Selenium metabolism 36
1.3.5. Protective role of selenium 39
1.3.6. Selenium supplementation 40
1.3.7. Assessment of body nutritional status of selenium 42
1.4. Selenium – Cadmium interaction 42
1.4.1. Interactions between Se, Cd and other trace elements 43
1.4.2. Selenium and zinc against cadmium 44
1.4.3. Interactions with cadmium 45
1.4.4. Interactions with selenium 46

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1.4.5. Interactions between trace elements 47
1.5. Zinc 48
1.5.1. Basic mechanisms of interactions between cadmium and zinc 51
1.5.2. Zinc bioavailability 53
1.5.3. Zinc for growth 54
1.5.4. Zn interactions 54
1.5.5. Tissue concentration 55
1.5.6. Metallothionein (MT) 57
1.5.7. Aim of the work 58
Part B Experiment 1 60
2. The role of selenium in cadmium toxicity: Interactions with
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essential and toxic elements (Al-Waeli et al., 2012)
2.1. Abstract 61
2.2. Introduction 62
2.3. Materials and methods 63
2.3.1. Animals, diets and design 63
2.3.2. Trace element determination 64
2.4. Statistical analysis 65
2.5. Results 66
2.5.1. Treatment, age and tissue effects on the concentration of 17
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elements
2.5.2. Pre-and Post-model correlations 69
2.6. Discussion 71
3. The role of selenium in cadmium toxicity: Effects on broiler
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performance and health status (Al-Waeli et al., 2013)
3.1. Abstract 81

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3.2. Introduction 82
3.3. Materials and methods 83
3.3.1 Animals, diets and design 83
3.3.2. Selenium and Cd determination 84
3.3.3. Hematological analysis 85
3.4. Statistical analysis 86
3.5. Results 87
3.5.1. Performance of broilers 87
3.5.2. Hematological parameters 87
3.5.3. Selenium and Cd concentration in broilers’ tissues 88
3.6. Discussion 89
Part C Experiment 2 103
4. The effects of Zn, Se and Cd feed supplementation on broilers’
performance, hematological parameters and accumulation of
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essential and toxic elements in various tissues
4.1. Abstract 104
4.2. Introduction 104
4.3. Materials and methods 106
4.3.1. Animals 106
4.3.2. Diets 107
4.3.3. Design 107
4.3.4. Hematological analysis 108
4.4. Determination of elements 108
4.5. Statistical analysis 109
4.6. Results 110

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4.7. Discussion 123
Part C General Conclusions 126
References 129

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List of Tables

Table 1 Composition (g kg-1), calculated analysis and determined Se
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and Cd concentration (ppb) of the experimental broiler diets
Table 2 Determined and certified trace element concentration in the
reference material NIST-RM 8414 (bovine muscle powder) 77
and NIST-RM 1577c (bovine liver powder)
Table 3 The effect of Se and Cd supplementation in the diet of broilers
on the concentration (ppb) of 17 elements in blood, liver, 78
kidney and breast tissue at 28 and 42 days of age
Table 4 Correlations between the concentrations of 17 elements prior
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to and after the application of the statistical model
Table 5 Body mass (g) of the broiler population from 0 to 42 days,
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given per week
Table 6 Broiler growth performance and mortality (%) determined for
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each week and for the whole experiment
Table 7 Hematocrit (%), blood protein concentration (gdl−1), and
leukocyte type (% of total white blood cells) for the different 95
main effects
Table 8 Selenium and Cd concentration (ppb) in blood, liver, kidney
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and breast tissue at 4th and 6th weeks of age
Table9 Composition (g kg-1), calculated analysis and determined Se,
Zn and Cd concentration (ppb) of the experimental broiler 112
diets
Table10 The concentration (ppb) of 17 elements included Se, Zn and Cd
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in T1, T2, and T3

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