Table Of ContentADHESION SCIENCE
URFACES,
CHEMISTRY
PLICATIONS
Edited by M. Chaudhary and A X Fb&s
ADHESION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - 2
Series Editor
A.V. Pocius
The cover displays a micrograph of glass particles on a plasticized polystyrene substrate showing
adhesion-induced viscous flow of the substrate and encapsulation of the particle. The crater is the
deformed substrate after a particle had been removed. The micrograph was taken by Ray Bowen
and was supplied by Dr. Donald Rimai.
ADHESION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - 2
SURFACES, CHEMISTRY AND
APPLICATIONS
Edited by
M. Chaudhury
Department of Chemical Engineering
Centerf or Polymer Inter$aces
Leh igh University
111 Research Drive
Bethlehem, PA I810 5
U.S.A.
A.V. Pocius
3M Adhesive Technologies Center
3M Centei; Building 201 -4N-01
St. Paul, MN 55144-1000
U.S.A.
2002
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Preface
Volume I of Adhesion Science and Engineering dealt with the mechanics of
adhesive bonds and the rheology of adhesives. Volume I1 deals with the other two
disciplines that make up adhesion science, surfaces and chemistry. In addition,
this volume describes several applications of adhesion science and engineering.
The volume begins with discussions of aspects of surface science and how they
relate to adhesion science. Methods based on surface thermodynamics have been
powerful tools in the hands of adhesion scientists. Berg introduces us to the topics
of interfacial thermodynamic and practical adhesion and shows how the critical
predictive parameters of adhesion can be obtained from wetting, solution theory and
group contribution methods (UNIFAC). It becomes clear from Berg’s presentation
that the predictions of adhesion strengths by the traditional wet chemical methods
are somewhat empirical. This limitation can be partially overcome by the methods
of contact mechanics as pioneered by Johnson, Kendall and Roberts, which allows
direct measurements of the surface energies of deformable solids. These methods,
as shown by Mangipudi and Falsafi, have played a very important role in developing
a deeper understanding of the relationship between adhesion and the chemical
composition of surfaces and complement the chapters describing contact mechanics
found in Volume I. Rimai and Quesnel extend this discussion to the interaction
of powdered solids and give us an in-depth view of the types of intermolecular
forces that control adhesion of solid surfaces. The chapter by Wahl and Syed Asif
explores the behavior of adhesion and contact mechanics at the nanoscopic level.
This chapter not only complements the above three but also describes additional
techniques that may be used to probe the properties of surfaces. Surface roughness,
which could be examined by some of the probe techniques described in Chapter 4,
is discussed by Packham. Spectroscopic techniques useful for examination of the
chemistry of surface and interfaces are described by Boerio (Chapter 6).
Other aspects of interfacial science and chemistry are examined by Owen and
Wool. The former chapter deals with a widely used chemistry to join disparate sur-
faces, that of silane coupling agents. The latter chapter describes the phenomenon
of diffusion at interfaces, which, when it occurs, can yield strong and durable
adhesive bonds. Brown’s chapter describes the micromechanics at the interface
when certain types of diffusive adhesive bonds are broken. The section on surfaces
ends with Dillingham’s discussion of what can be done to prime surfaces for
adhesive bonding.
The section on chemistry of adhesives evolves from rubber-based adhesives to
semi- structural and finally to structural adhesives. Everaerts and Clemens provide
a thorough description of chemistry and applications of pressure sensitive adhe-
sives and Kinning and Schneider describe an enabling technology for pressure
vi Preface
sensitive adhesive tapes, release coatings. Martin-Martinez reviews the chemistry
and physical properties of rubber-based adhesives with an emphasis on the mate-
rials properties of the components of those adhesives. Silicone chemistry provides
products that range from pressure sensitive adhesives to sealants to semi-structural
adhesives and is described by Parbhoo et al. in Chapter 14. Progressing into
more semi-structural and structural adhesives, the chapters by Paul and by Frisch
describe the chemistry and properties of hot melt adhesives and polyurethane ad-
hesives, respectively. The remainder of this section deals with structural adhesives
beginning with discussions of acrylate chemistry by Righettini and then Klemar-
czyk. The adhesives described in these two chapters are some of the most easy
to use structural adhesives available. One of the oldest technologies in modern
adhesive chemistry, phenolic chemistry is described by Detlefson and one of the
newer chemistries, bismaleimides is discussed by Kajiyama.
The final section in this volume deals with applications of adhesion science.
The applications described include methods by which durable adhesive bonds
can be manufactured by the use of appropriate surface preparation (Davis and
Venables) to unique methods for composite repair (Lopata et al.) Adhesive
applications find their way into the generation of wood products (Dunky and
Pizzi) and also find their way into the construction of commercial and military
aircraft (Pate). The chapter by Spotnitz et al. shows that adhesion science finds its
way into the life sciences in their discussion of tissue adhesives.
The editors wish to express their sincere thanks to the contributing authors for
their invaluable contributions to this volume. Their collective expertise represents
many years of industrial and academic experience in the field of Adhesion Sci-
ence and Engineering. We would also like to thank the employers of each of the
contributors for allowing them to take on the extra tasks associated with the com-
pletion of their contribution to this volume. We would also like to acknowledge
the contribution of Mr. Theodore Reinhart of the University of Dayton Research
Center to the initial organization of this volume. An unfortunate illness prevented
him from completing his work on this project. Assistance from the Department of
Chemical Engineering and the NSF sponsored IUCRC of the Polymer Interface
Center at Lehigh University are gratefully acknowledged. Finally, we thank our
spouses for their patience as we compiled and edited this volume.
ALPHONSUSV . POCIUS MANOJC HAUDHURY
Editor Associate Editor
Corporate Scientisl Professor of Chemical Engineering
3M Company Directol; Center for Polymer Interjkes
St. Paul, MN, USA Lehigh University
Bethlehem, PA, USA
Contents
Preface .................................................................. v
Surface Science
Chapter 1. Semi-empirical strategies for predicting adhesion
J.C. Berg .................................................... 1
Chapter 2. Direct estimation of the adhesion of solid polymers
KS, Mangipudi and A. Faha$. ................................ 75
Chapter 3. Particle adhesion
D.S. Rimai and D.J. Quesnel.. ................................ 139
Chapter 4. Surface mechanical measurements at the nanoscale
K.J. Wahl and SA. Syed Asif. ................................. 193
Chapter 5. Micro-mechanical processes in adhesion and fracture
H.R. Brown.. ................................................ 221
Chapter 6. Surface analysis in adhesion science
EJ. Boerio.. ................................................. 243
Chapter 7. Surface roughness and adhesion
D. E. Packham. ............................................... 3 17
Chapter 8. Diffusion and autohesion
R.P. Wool.. .................................................. 351
Chapter 9. Coupling agents: chemical bonding at interfaces
M.J. Owen... ................................................ 403
Chapter 10. Priming to improve adhesion
G. Uillingham ............................................... 433
