Algorithm Animation

197 Pages·1988·17.326 MB·English

by  Marc H. Brown

AlgorithmAn imation
ACM DistinguisDhiesds ertations
1982
AbstractMieocnh anisamn dL anguagDee sign
PaulN .H ilfinger
FormlaS pecificoaftIi notne racGtriavpeh iPcrso grammiLnagn guage
William R.M allgren
AlgorithPmriocg ramD ebugging
EhudY .S hapiro
1983
TheM easuremeonftV isulaM otion
ElleCna theriHniel dreth
SynthesoifDs i giltD aesignfrso mR ecursiEoqnu ations
Stevne D.J ohnson
1984
AnalytMiect hodisn t heA nalysainsd D esigonfN umber-Theoretic
Algorithms
EricB ach
Model-BaIsmeadg eM atchinUgs ignL ocation
HenryS .B aird
A GeometrIincv estigaotfRi eoanc h
JamesU .K orein
1985
Two IssuiensP ublic-CKreyyp tography
BenZion Chor
-
TheC onnectMiaocnh ine
W.D anieHli llis
1986
Allt heR ighMto vesA: VLSIA rchitecftourCr hee ss
CarElb elin�
TheD esigann dE valuatoifoa n H ighP erformaSnmcael ltaSlyks tem
David MichaeUln gar
1987
AlgoritAhnmi mation
MarcH .B rown
TheR apidE valuatioonfP otenltF iiaeldisnP articSlyes tems
LeslGiree engard
AlgorithmA nimation
MarcH . Brown
TheM IT Press
CambridgeM,a ssachusetts
London,E ngland
PublishNeort'es
Thifso rmaitsi ntendteodr educteh ec osotf p ublishcienrtga iwno rkisn
bookf orma ndt os horttehne g apb etweeend itorial preapnadfir naatli on
publicatDieotna.i leeddi tianngd c omposithiaovneb eena voidbeyd
photograpthhient ge xotf t hibso okd irecftrloymt hea uthorp'rse parceodp y.
SeconPdr intin1g9.9 0
© 1988T heM assachusIentsttsi toufTt eec hnology
Allr ighrtess ervNeod p.a rotf t hibso okm ayb er eproduicnea dn yf ormb y
anye lectroonrmi ecc hanimceaaln s( including photocopyionrg , recording,
informatiosnt oraagned r etriewviatlh)o puetr missiinow nr itifnrgo mt he
publisher.
Printaendd b ounidn t heU niteSdt atoefsA merica.
LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloging-in-PuDbaltiac ation
BrownM,a rcH .
Algoritahnmi mation.
CACMd istinguidsihsesde rta;t 1i9o8n7s)
Bibliogrpa.p y:
Incluidnedse x.
1.E lectrodniigci tcaolm puters-Parmomgring.
2.A lgorith3m.sC .o mputegrr aphiIc.sT. i tle.
IIS.e ries.
QA76.6.B716958 8 006.6 88-10036
ISBN0 -262-02278-8
MIT Pre ••
0262022788
BROWN
ALGORITHMA NIMATION
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Contents
1.I ntroduc.t.ion. . . .. . . .. 1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.T1h esiCso ntributions .. ... . .. 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.A2p plicationso fA lgoritAhnmi matino ................4. ...
1.C3o ncpetual Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 6
1.P4e rspectvieo nG raphicsi n Programming .............1.3. .
1.A5u tomatAilcg oritAhnmim atinos .................1.8. ..
1.6D isclaime.r s . . . . . . . . . .2 .4 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
1.7T hessi Outline . . .. 26
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. RelatWeodr k . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 2 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
2.Al1g orithMmo vies 27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .
2.G2r aphicDali sploafyD ata Structu.r.e.s. ............3.0. .
2.A3l gortihm Animation Sytsems ......................3.4.
2.D4i scussion 45
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.T heI nteracEtnivvier onm.ent . 47
. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.B1as icT our 48
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.A2d vanceTdou r .................................6.2.
3.M3o deolf t heI nteractEinvvei ronment 66
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • .
3.S4u mmary 70
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Script. s.. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . .... 7 ..1 . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . .. . ..
.
4.O1v erview 71
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2A pplications . . .. . . ... . 73
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.R3el ateEdff ort.s. ...........................7.5. ....
4.T4h eA uthorU'sse rI nterface . 77
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.T5h eV iewerU'sse rI nterf.a.c.e. .................7.8. ...
4.I6m plementaAtsipeocnts .......................8.0. ...
4.7S ummary. . ...8 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.P rogrammerI nterfa.c. e .. . . . . . . . .. .. 9 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1A lgorithm.s.. . . . .. . ... ..9 3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2I npGuetn erato.r.s. . .'. .................9.8. ..
. . . . . .
5.3V iew.s. . ....... .. .. .. . . 104
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4O bject-OPriipee.ns.t. e.d. ..... . . .. 117
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.5G raphEincvsi ronm.en.t. . ... .. .. 121
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. Implementati.on ... . . ... . . 126
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.T1h eB ALS-AIPIr eproc.e.s.sor . . . ..1 27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.T2h eB ALSAA-pIpIl ic.a.t.io.n. . .. . 135
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.C3l ient-PrSopgercaimfimce(arSt uimomnas.r y.). ... 145
. . . . . .
64.E valuat.i.o..n. .........................1.5.6 .....
7. Conclusion. . .. . . . ......... 158
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.E1n d-URseesre aDricrhe ct.i.o...n.s.. ..............1.5 8
7.A2n imaRteosre arDcihr ect.i.ons. . . . 161
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.S3y stReemsse arDcihr ecti.o..n.s . ... . 136
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.F4i nTalh ough.t.s. .. . .. . .. 146
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. An ElectronCilca ssrootl'l.. . . . . . . . ... 1 .6 5 . . . . . . . . . . .
.
B. BALSA-RelatePdu blicatsi.o n. . . . . . ... 1 .7 2. . . . . . . . .
.
Reference.s .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 17.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index 182
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preface
Ana lgorithm eannviimraotinisammo eenna tnf soe rx plotrhideny gn amic
behavoifao lrg ortithhammtas k epso ssaif bulned amiemnptraolv eimne nt
thwea yw eu nderstatnhdia nbakon tudht e Imtp. r esmeunlttsgi rpalpeh ical
vieowfas n a lgoriinat chtmi eoxnp,o spirnogp etrhtaite s omitghhetr wise
bed iffictuoul ntd ersotrea vnerdne mauinnn otiAcllve ide.aw rsue p dated
simultainner oeutalsi lmayest haleg orietxhemc uatneedsa ,cv hi eiwsd i­s
playiends eap awriantdeoo ntw h sece renw,h olsoec atsiiozanen,,ld e voefl
detiaisin lt eractbiytv heeeln yd -suAes step re.c iialnitzeerdpc roentterro ls
execuitnui nointt hsaa tr sep ectiotfi hcae l goriantdh aml,l omwusl tiple
algortiotb herm ussn i multafnoecroo umsplayr iPsroongsr.a mcmaeinrm s­
plemneenwat l gorigtrhampshd,ii csalp laanyids n,p ut geannedrr uant ors
thewmi tehx istingo fsl uicbchro amrpioense nts.
Ani mporatsapneotcfa t nal goriatnhimm aetnivoinr onamnoednn wete ,
beliiesuv see ifnua ln iyn tereancvtiirveo nimste hcneot n,c oefap s tc ript:
ar ecoorfad ne nd-user'tsh acstae bnse s iroenpS lcaryiecpdatb.ns e u sed
botpha ssiavesvl iyr,tv uiald eotaanpdae cst,i vaesal niy n,n ovative com­
municationt hmveei deiwouefmar :s crciapcntu stzoetm hivei deotape
interacatnidcv aner leya,ds iwliytb ceht wpeaesns ivvieelwyii tan ngda c­
tiveexlpyl oirtcison ngt eSnctrsia.pr tteys p icuaslealdshy i gh-mlaecvr,eo ls
systteumt oarnsed,l ecttreoxntibcao nodrk ess enaortcehEs n.d -ucsaenr s
cresactretis ep asbiylin ys trutcehts iynsgtt eo"m w atwchhaI td o;s"c ripts
arset oraesrd e adaanbdel dei tPaAbSlCAepL or grams.
Thpeo tenotfsi ualca hl goraintihmma etnivoinr onimgser nebtaustct ,a n
bef ullrye aloinzlieytfd h eayrs eu fficieenatsalyny ed n joytaoub sleTe.h is
disseritssat tetipoo wna arcdhsi etvhiegnsogea Ilnsi .tw ,ed evelaom po del
focrr earteialn-gta inmiem a,t iwoelnl saf ramefwooirrn kt erawcitthi ng
as as
theasnei matWieoa nlsds.eo s carp irboet ostyyspteBe AmL,S A-aInIid,t s
feasisbtiulsdiyyts ytB eAmL,S At-hIar,te alitzhceeo ncepmtoudaell .
Acknowledgements
I'lvoeo kfeodr wtaorw dr ittihnpigas g feoq ru istoem tei mhea,v isnpge nt
oveadr e caadtBe r own-ausn dergrTaAdR,u Aa,ts et,am ffe mbeanrd,
an
mosrte cye,na tttl hbeo ttooftm h teo tpeoml ase ,ga r adusattued eMnyt .
mentorsm omrteehr aitnth "et hantkhsaa"tna cknowledpgaegpmere on­t
vidYeeswt.h adto eosn sea y?
BobS edgehwasig cokn bee yoanm de rteh easdivsi psroorf,e osrcs oolr­
leagHueeh .ap sr ovildoeddga innrdge pastsM-afrrloym- tIoeQ -uRoonio ­
chontaugs-q7uaammsa ht chiensc,ii snitveer proefti anttairnoadin nst er­
departmmeantttaaelnr adsp ,l etohfos rtai mulianttienlglc ehcaltlueanlg es.
Sedsgeeht isg sht andfaorhrdi sm saenltdfh oasreo uhnidma ,n dm,o rteh an
anyoInk en oawp,p crieaotneeso' bss esfsoidroe ntsaa nipdle rfection.
Myc ompetaesanp creo gracmambnee ar t tribiunpt aertdtof,, u ndamen­
talc oncedprtisli lnAe nddv ya Dna m'fsr eshimnatnr odpurcotgorraym ming
courTsher.o ugthhoyeue taA rnsd,y i'nsd efatyi,ag caubmiaelnnvid,it gorous
leadehrasvhiein ps pmiera endmd a noyt hsetru detnost ehsti gphe rsonal
goaalnstd og oa ftetrh eCmo.m pustceiren necemedo sr pee opwlietA hn dy's
genulionvfeeo t re acahinundng d aucnotnefidd iennu cned ergraduates.
Thet himredm boefrm yt hecsoimsm itPtaerKeia,sn elleapkiitso,m izes
thweo r"dm ensHcihes.n "c ouragkeemeiennn stii,gn httteo c hnmiactatle rs,
ancda rerfeualdo iftn hgfie n ald rahfatvb ee einn valuable.
Mantyh antkots h pee opwlheor eapda rotfts h tihse fsoitrsh epierr cep­
ticvoe mmenItnps a.r titchuplera orhs,ae bs e egnr eaitmlpyr obvyte wdo
meticuplasosuebssyT riAnvae rayn,bd y C yntHhiibab apradt'isea nncde
persevienre axnpcleait noim nemg a niyn triocfat chEiene gsl liasnhg uage.
Spectihala ntkoDs A Wf orre acquamiewn itti[h36n ]ag n fdo mra niyn spired
haranagnumdeo st ivadtiisncgu sRsoibRo unbsip.nr oviadnee xdc eptional
soundbionagra dn,df requpeainnttlteyhd ge l obpailc tfuormree w heIn
becammyeo pic.
Thitsh eisasin so utgrooftw htEehl ectCrloansiscpr rooojmae tBc rto wn,
initbiyaB toeSbde dgewTihcpekr .o jreecalitzh eivssi soifbo rni n"giinntge r­
actmiovvei ienstc"oo mpustceiree ndcuec aatnitdoh nse t uodfay l gor.i thm
Bobal,o nwgi tAhn dvya Dnam anTdo mD oepppnreorc,u trhpeerd o ject's
inifutnidailfn rgo NmS FC'AsU SpEr ogrianJm u n1e9,8 T0h.eE xxonE d­
ucatFioounn daatniAdop no lCloom puptreorv iaddeddi tfiuonndali ng.
Litalelryt housoafnc dosm pustceire sntcued eantBt rso whna vtea ken
courisnte hsEe l ectCrloasnsircuo soimtn hgBe A LSAe-nIv ironMmaneyn t.
peoep,tl onou mertoomu esn thieorne ,c ohnatvreit botu htasetod f tewna­re
deavIonpr a.r tiSctuelRvaeeri ,ws ists,h o me help frommy sJeolef ,P ato and
develtohpBeer do wWnor kstnaE tnivoironamnteda nitl iottro Be AdL SA­
I'rse quirePmeernBrtuyss .al acHcahmLi o,r Kda,r eSnm itKha,tS em ith,
anLd iWza myirwer omtaen oyft hien iBtAiaLSlA -aIn imataitao t mnies
whetnh sey stweamus n staubnldrede ,e velopamnewdni tt,hd oouctu men­
tatiMoink.Se t ricikmmpalne memnutcoehfdt hBeA LSAk-eIr ,nD ealve
Naniiamnp lemietntsto eofdlo bsrr oadcaasntEdir niWgcol, if m plemented
itcso dvei eTwh.eh ardwaanrsdey stseomfta wrwea asd epmtalnya gbeyd
DavDeu rfJeeeCff,o adayn,Dd o rdiaMn oultTohne.pi rro fessikoenpatl ism
me( anodt h)eir ncs hedcukr imnagnh ye cttiimce s.
Speccirale idsdi utte o B obS edgefwoihrci mksa ncyo ntribtuott hiiosn s
thesWihsi.Ilc ea tna kfeuc lrle fdoitrth B eA LSAa-nIBd A LSAs-yIsIt ems
desiagnnid m plemen(stuabtjiteootcn ht ae c knowledcgietamebedon ),vt es
neitshyesrtw eomu hladv ree acfhreudi wtiitohnBo oubts' usp paonrfdte ed­
bacJko.i nwtecl rye,a tthefiedr ssotp hissteiotcfv a iteeanwdds s criupsgti sn
BALSAO-uIre. x periweenricene sst ruimnei nntcalr emiemnptralo vements
toB ALSAa-nItd h een tdierseio gfBn A LSA-AIpIp.e nAd diixs cutshsiess
experaineadnl cAseno d ye'xsp eriaesin ncsetsro ufanc Itnotrr odPurcot­ory
grammcionugrt sheau ts etdh Eel ectCrloasnsircao tot mhs ea mtei me.
Thuisti, si mporftoanrrte eardtsou nderstthaawnthd e Inu steh per o­
nou"nw ei"nt hdiiss serititams t oirotenh ,at nh per ove"rrboiwyalea .l"
Mosotft hree seraerpcohhr etrewedap se rfowrhmieIlwd eas s uppobryt ed
anI BM GraduSattued Feenltl owMsyth einpu.asr ega r adusattuedw eanst
alssou ppoirnpt aerbdty t hOeN Ra nDdA RPuAn dCeorn trNa00c0t1 4-83-
K-061a 4ndA RPAO rdNeor4. 7 68a,n dN SFG raSnEtR 80-GT4h9e7i4r.
assisitgsar nactee afcuklnloygw elde.d
FinalIla ym,v ertyh anktfoBu olbT aylaotDr E C'Ssy steRmess earch
Centfeoprrr ovisduipnpgdo urrtit nhfigen alm onthHsim.sa nagesrtiyalle
anmdo tivatteicohnn (irqeuapedrs:o hibmieft rionpmga rticiinpSa RtCi ng
projuencttmisyld isseritssa itginsoeendal ,ea dn,dd e liv)ae rrceer deative.
Ih oepm yc ontribtuott hiSeoR nCes n viroinnmt ehcneot m iynega wrisl l
justtihcfeoy n fidheenh cadese monstrated.