Algebras, Rings and Modules: Non-commutative Algebras and Rings

384 Pages·2016·4.95 MB·English

by  Michiel Hazewinkel

Algebras, Rings and Modules
Non-commutative Algebras
and Rings
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Algebras, Rings and Modules
Non-commutative Algebras
and Rings
Michiel Hazewinkel
Dept. of Pure and Applied Mathematics
Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
Amsterdam, Netherlands
and
Nadiya Gubareni
Institute of Mathematics
Częstochowa University of Technology
Częstochowa, Poland
p,
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
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GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM
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PREFACE
The theory of rings and modules is one of the most fundamental domains of modern
algebra.
This volume is a continuation of the first two volumes of Algebra, Rings and
Modules by M. Hazewinkel, N. Gubareni and V.V. Kirichenko. Volume 3, published
by the American Mathematical Society, is about Lie algebras and Hopf algebras and
largely independent of the other volumes.
It systematizes and presents the main results of the structure theory of some
special classes of non-commutative rings. The book presents both the basic classical
theory and more recent results related to current research such as the structure theory
of some special classes of rings, which arise in many applications. Some of the topics
covered include quivers, partially ordered sets and their representations, as well as
such special rings as hereditary and semihereditary rings, serial rings, semidistributive
rings and modules over them.
Some results of this book are new and have, so far, been published in journals
only. All results are given with complete proofs which are based on the material
contained in the book.
We assume that the reader is familiar with the basic concepts of theory of rings
and modules. Nevertheless for the reader’s convenience Chapter 1 summarizes the
basic ring-theoretic notions and results considered in our previous books. Proofs of
all results presented can be found in these books via corresponding citations which
have been inserted in parentheses.
In mathematics, specifically in the area of abstract algebra, it is often interesting
to construct new objects using objects already known. In group theory, ring theory,
Lie algebra theory there are a variety of different constructions such as crossed, skew,
smash products which are very important as sources of various counter examples.
Some of the main ring constructions, such as a finite direct product of rings, group
rings, matrix rings, path algebras and graded algebras were considered in our previous
books. Chapter 2 represents the definitions and some properties of some of these basic
general constructions of rings and modules, such as direct product, semidirect product,
direct sum, crossed product of rings, polynomial and skew polynomial rings, power
and skew power series rings, Laurent polynomial rings and Laurent power series
rings, generalized matrix rings, formal triangular matrix rings, and G-graded rings.
The theory of valuation rings was first related only with commutative fields.
Discrete valuation domains are, excepting only fields, the simplest class of rings.
Nevertheless they play an important role in algebra and algebraic geometry.
But there is also a noncommutative side of this theory. In the noncommutative
case there are different generalizations of valuation rings. The first generalization,
vi Algebras, Rings and Modules
valuation rings of division rings, was obtained by Schilling in [283], who introduced
the class of invariant valuation rings and systematically studied them in [284].
Another significant contribution in non-commutative valuation rings was made by
N.I. Dubrovin who introduced a more general concept of a valuation ring for simple
Artinian rings and proved a number of significant nontrivial properties about them
[73], [71], [72]. These rings are named Dubrovin valuation rings after him. Dubrovin
valuation rings found a large number of applications.
In Chapter 3 most of the basic results for valuation rings and discrete valuation
rings are described and discussed briefly.
Section 3.1 is devoted to valuation rings of fields. In this section we give the main
properties of these rings and describe different definitions of them. Section 3.2 presents
the basic results about discrete valuation domains. We give the structure of these rings
and a number of equivalent definitions. In Section 3.3 we describe noncommutative
invariant valuation rings of division rings, and the main properties of these rings
and their equivalent definitions are described. Some examples of noncommutative
non-discretely-valued valuation rings are given in Section 3.4. The main properties
and structure of noncommutative discrete valuation rings are presented in Section
3.5. In Section 3.6 we briefly discuss total valuation rings which are more general
than invariant valuation rings. Section 3.7 is devoted to other types of valuation rings
with zero divisors. We consider some valuation rings of commutative rings with
zero divisors and the Dubrovin valuation rings. Finally, in Section 3.8 we consider
the approximation theorems for special kinds of noncommutative valuation rings,
in particular for locally invariant rings and Dubrovin valuation rings. We also give
some corollaries from these theorems for noncommutative discrete valuation rings.
Chapter 3 may be considered as a short introduction to the theory of valuation
rings. More information about valuation rings of division rings can be found in [284],
and more about Dubrovin valuation rings, semihereditary and Prüfer orders in simple
Artinian rings can be found in the book [233].
The concepts of homological dimensions of rings and modules were discussed
in [146, Chapter 6] and [147, Chapter 4]. Chapter 4 considers some other questions
connected with these notions.
For the reader’s convenience Section 4.1 summarizes the basic concepts and
results on projective and injective dimensions of modules, and global dimensions of
rings. The concepts and results on flat dimensions of modules and weak dimensions
of rings are presented in Section 4.2. In Section 4.3 we present various examples of
rings with different global dimensions.
The homological characterization of some classes of rings, such as semisimple,
right Noetherian, right hereditary, right semihereditary, semiperfect, right perfect and
quasi-Frobenius rings are considered in Section 4.4.
Duality over Noetherian rings, which is given by the covariant functor * = Hom
A
(−, A) was considered in [147, Section 4.10]. For an arbitrary ring A this functor
induces a duality between the full subcategories of finitely generated projective right
A-modules and left A-modules. The main properties of this functor and torsionless
modules, and the relationship between them are studied in Section 4.5.
The basic properties of flat modules were considered in [146, Section 5.4], and
in [147, Section 5.1]. Further properties of flat modules are studied in Section 4.6. In
Preface vii
particular, the main theorem of this section, which was proved by S. Chase [41], gives
equivalent conditions for a direct product of any family of flat modules to be flat. As
the corollary of this theorem we obtain homological characterization of semihereditary
rings, proved by S. Chase in [41]. Section 4.7 gives necessary and sufficient conditions
under which a formal triangular matrix ring is right (left) hereditary.
Chapter 5 contains a short introduction to the theory of uniform, Goldie and Krull
dimensions of rings and modules. Uniform modules and their main properties are
considered in Section 5.1, where the uniform dimension of modules is also introduced
and studied. Modules of finite Goldie dimension, a notion due to A. Goldie, are
considered in Section 5.2.
The notions of singular and nonsingular modules are introduced in Section 5.3,
where there are also studied the main properties of such modules and some properties
of nonsingular rings. In Section 5.4 the results of this theory are applied to prove a
theorem which gives equivalent conditions for a ring being a Goldie ring. This theorem
includes the famous Goldie theorem which was proved in [100], [101], [102] (see also
[146, Section 9.3]). This well-known theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions
for a ring to have a semisimple classical quotient ring. In 1966 L. Small generalized
this theorem and described Noetherian rings which have Artinian classical rings of
quotients [292]. A variant of Small’s theorem without the Noetherian hypothesis was
obtained by R.B. Warfield, Jr. [321]. In Section 5.5 the proofs of these results are given.
The notion of the classical Krull dimension as a powerful tool for arbitrary
commutative Noetherian rings was considered by W. Krull. There are a few different
generalizations of this concept for the case of noncommutative rings. One of them,
the classical Krull dimension introduced by G. Krause in [197], is considered in
Section 5.6. The more important generalization, the concept of Krull dimension is
considered in Section 5.7. The module-theoretic form of this notion in the general case
for noncommutative rings was introduced by R. Rentschler and P. Gabriel in 1967,
[270]. Note that not all modules have Krull dimension, but each Noetherian module
has Krull dimension. The Krull dimension of any Artinian module is equal to 0. So in
some sense the Krull dimension of a module can be considered as a measure which
shows of how far the module is from being Artinian. The basic properties of Krull
dimension are studied in this section. In Section 5.8 we consider some relationships
between the concepts of classical Krull dimension and Krull dimension.
An important role in the theory of rings and modules is played by various
finiteness conditions. Many types of finiteness conditions on rings can be formulated
in terms of d.c.c. (descending chain condition) or a.c.c. (ascending chain condition)
on suitable classes of one-sided ideals. The d.c.c. (minimal condition) on right (resp.,
left) ideals defines right Artinian (resp., left Artinian) rings. Analogously, right (resp.,
left) Noetherian rings are defined as rings which satisfy the maximal condition, or
the a.c.c. on right (resp. left) ideals. These rings were considered in [146, Chapter
3]. Section 6.1 gives some examples of Noetherian rings connected with the basic
constructions of rings considered in Chapter 2.
Section 6.2 considers various finiteness conditions for rings and modules, and
relations between them. Dedekind-finite rings, orthogonally finite rings, stably finite
rings, unit-regular rings and IBN rings are examples of rings which are considered
in this section.
viii Algebras, Rings and Modules
FDI-rings, i.e., rings with a finite decomposition of the identity into a sum of
pairwise orthogonal primitive idempotents, form the next class of rings with finiteness
conditions. These rings are considered in Section 6.3. In Section 6.4 we prove the
main theorem which gives a criterium for a semiprime FDI-ring to be decomposable
into a direct product of prime rings.
Chapter 7 is devoted to the important problems connected with uniqueness of
decompositions of modules into direct sums of indecomposable modules. The famous
Krull-Remak-Schmidt theorem was already considered in [146], where in Section
10.4 this theorem was proved for the case of finite direct sums of modules with local
endomorphism rings. Actually, G. Azumaya proved this theorem in [12] for infinite
direct summands in the general case for Abelian categories with some additional
condition. In this chapter the proof of this theorem is given for the case of infinite
direct sums of modules with local endomorphism rings following to Peter Crawley
and Bjarni Jo´nsson. They proved this theorem using the exchange property, which was
introduced in 1964 for general algebras, [61]. From that time this notion has become
an important theoretical tool for studying rings and modules.
Some properties of modules having the exchange property are studied in Section
7.1. It is proved that the 2-exchange property is equivalent to the finite exchange
property for arbitrary modules, and that the 2-exchange property is equivalent to
the exchange property for indecomposable modules. These results were obtained by
P. Crawley and B. Jo´nsson for general algebras in [61] and R.B. Warfied, Jr. for Abelian
categories in [321]. In this section we also prove the important result obtained by
R.B. Warfied, Jr. in [317], which states that an indecomposable module has the
exchange property if and only if its endomorphism ring is local.
The proof of the Azumaya theorem for infinite direct sums of modules is given in
Section 7.2. The cancellation property notion and some properties of modules having
the cancellation property are considered in Section 7.3.
At the end of this chapter we consider different classes of rings connected with
exchange rings. Section 7.4 is devoted to the study of properties and some structural
theorems for exchange rings.
Generally speaking, the class of semisimple rings has been studied most
extensively. Their structure is completely described by the Wedderburn-Artin theorem.
Semisimple rings are also very simple from the point of view of homological properties
of modules over them. These are rings whose global homological dimension is equal to
zero. Hereditary rings immediately follow semisimple ones in terms of a homological
classification. According to theorem 4.3.8, r.gl.dim A < 1 if and only if A is a right
hereditary ring. The structure of hereditary rings is not so well studied as in the case of
semisimple rings. Chapter 8 is devoted to the study of the structure and main properties
of hereditary rings. In addition, semihereditary rings, which are close to hereditary
rings, are considered in this chapter.
In Section 4.5 it was shown that for a large class of rings (coherent, semiperfect,
right serial, right Noetherian) being right semihereditary implies being left
semihereditary. In Section 8.1 this result is proved for orthogonally finite rings.
The main results of Chapters 4 and 5 are applied to study the properties of right
hereditary and right semihereditary rings in Section 8.2. In particular the Goldie
theorem it is proved there. This theorem gives equivalent conditions for a domain A
Preface ix
to be right Ore. There is also the important Small theorem which states that a right
Noetherian right hereditary ring is a right order in a right Artinian ring. The structure
and properties of some classes of right hereditary (semihereditary) prime rings
are considered in Section 8.3. In particular we prove an important theorem which
states the relationship between Dubrovin valuation rings, semihereditary orders and
Bézout orders in simple Artinian rings. We also consider right Noetherian hereditary
(semihereditary) semiperfect prime rings.
The next generalization, following hereditary and semihereditary rings, are
piecewise domains. These rings were first introduced and studied by R. Gordon and
L.W. Small in 1972. Section 8.4 considers properties of piecewise domains and their
relationships with hereditary and semihereditary rings. It is proved that a piecewise
domain is a nonsingular ring. This section also gives a proof of the theorem which
states that a right perfect piecewise domain is semiprimary. This theorem first was
proved by M. Teply in 1991.
The notion of a triangular ring was first introduced by S.U. Chase in 1961 for
semiprimary rings. In 1966 L. Small extended this notion to Noetherian rings and
proved that a right Noetherian right hereditary ring is triangular. M. Harada in 1964
introduced the notion of generalized triangular rings and proved that any hereditary
semiprimary ring is isomorphic to a generalized triangular ring with simple Artinian
blocks along the main diagonal. In 1980 Yu.A. Drozd extended the notion of a triangular
ring to FDI-rings and described the structure of right hereditary (semihereditary)
FDI-rings.
Section 8.5 introduces the notions of triangular and primely triangular rings
which includes all notions of a triangular ring mentioned above. The main result of
this section gives the structure of piecewise domains in terms of primely triangular
rings. This theorem was proved by R. Gordon and L.W. Small in 1972 and it states
that any piecewise domain is a primely triangular ring. From this statement there
easily follows the theorem obtained by L.W. Small in 1966 about the structure of right
Noetherian right hereditary rings.
Section 8.6 gives the criterion for a triangular FDI-ring to be right hereditary or
right semihereditary, which was obtained by Yu.A. Drozd in 1980.
In Section 8.7 the results of Section 8.6 are applied to different concrete classes
of rings. In particular, we give the criterion for a right Noetherian primely triangular
ring to be right hereditary. From this result there follows the famous decomposition
theorem of Chatters which states that a Noetherian hereditary ring is a direct sum
of rings each of which is either an Artinian hereditary ring or a prime Noetherian
hereditary ring. Section 8.8 is devoted to the study of hereditary species and tensor
algebras, which were introduced by Yu.A. Drozd.
Chapter 9 is devoted to the further study of serial rings which were considered in
[146, Sections 12, 13]. In this chapter we present the structure theorems for various
different classes of serial nonsingular rings.
In Section 9.1 we consider serial right Noetherian piecewise domains. We prove
that for a serial right Noetherian ring being a piecewise domain is equivalent to
being a right hereditary ring. Section 9.2 is devoted to the study of the structure of
serial nonsingular rings. In particular, it is given the main result of R.B. Warfield, Jr.
who proved that for a right serial ring being right semihereditary is equivalent to be