Algal problems in water supplies

426 Pages·2016·28.72 MB·English

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An ecological basis
for water resource
management
An ecological basis
for water resource
management
W D W illiam s
Editor
First published in Australia 1980
Printed in Australia for the Australian National University Press, Canberra
© 1980 W. D. Williams and the several authors, each in respect of the paper contributed by him; for
the full list of the names of such copyright owners and the papers in respect of which they are the
copyright owners see the Table of Contents at pp. vii-viii of this Volume.
This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research,
criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process
without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher.
National Library of Australia
Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
An ecological basis for water resource management.
Index
Bibliography
ISBN 0 7081 0836 9 (Cloth)
ISBN 0 7081 1946 8 (Paper)
1. Water resources development—Environmental aspects—Australia. I. Williams, W. D., ed.
333.9 F00994
Library of Congress No. 78-74750
United Kingdom, Europe, Middle East, and Africa: Eurospan Ltd,
3 Henrietta St, London WC2E 8LU, England
North America: Books Australia, Trumbull, Conn., U.S.A.
Southeast Asia: Angus & Robertson (S.E. Asia) Pty Ltd, Singapore
Japan: United Publishers Services Ltd, Tokyo
Preface
There are many reasons why editors panying the final squeeze on some few
indulge in the masochism of putting authors; editors take pleasure in vicari­
books like this one together. Without ous ways!
elaborating on all those that induced me Also acknowledged is the Research
to undertake the task, let it be said that and Publications Committee of the
the main one was the obvious need for University of Adelaide who provided
the book. Almost every Australian lake, financial support to enable the inclusion
river, stream and pond now bears the of certain illustrations. The staff of the
imprint of man, or will shortly do so. Australian National University Press,
And, like it or not, the future of the who have been most courteous and
Australian inland aquatic environment is helpful, and various members of the
for man to determine. It follows that the ancillary staff of the Department of
more that is known about how to manage Zoology, University of Adelaide, espe­
this environment, the greater the chance cially Miss Ruth Altmann who prepared
that its present and future quality will be all drawings, and Mr Philip Kempster
optimised. Moreover, as perceived over who was responsible for all photography
a century ago, wise environmental are thanked too.
management is a most important Separate acknowledgment and thanks
measure of man’s capacity to live less is accorded Miss Sandra Lawson,
dangerously as a dominant ecological Secretary to the Department of Zoology,
agent. This book attempts to aid for without her help the book simply
management by drawing together some would not be.
useful ecological knowledge into readily Finally, I acknowledge the benefits of
accessible form. my association in various ways with the
A number of colleagues and organisa­ engineering firm of Gutteridge, Haskins
tions have helped produce the book. and Davey Pty Ltd; their attitude to
They are thanked most sincerely. Fore­ environmental matters has been a source
most, of course, are those colleagues of both stimulation and enlightenment.
who contributed. It is a source of It remains to note that the opinions of
genuine pleasure for me to record that authors expressed in this book are not
every colleague approached accepted necessarily those of the organisation to
the invitation to contribute, and all but which they are attached.
two, and they with impeccable excuses,
produced contributions. The pleasure is
not in the least lessened by the slight W. D. W.
amount of editorial agitation accom­ Adelaide, 1978
Contents
Preface 9 Managing urban lakes
V
P. Cullen and R. S. Rosich 90
About the authors xiv
1 Introduction 10 Catchment management
W. D. Williams 3 W. D. Williams 100
I The nature of the resource III Water usage
2 Distinctive features of 11 Australian water quality
Australian water re­ criteria
sources B. T. Hart 117
W. D. Williams 6
12 Public health aspects of
3 Chemistry of Australian water usage
waters: the basic pattern J. R. L. Forsyth 128
with comments on some
13 Medically important dis­
ecological implications
eases with aquatic vec­
R. T. Buckney 12
tors and hosts
4 The benthos of Aust­
T. Petr 137
ralian Lakes
14 Wastewater as a re­
B. V. Timms 23
source
II Management problems A. G. Strom 149
5 Limnological problems
15 Water as a waste trans­
in the management of
port and treatment
Tasmanian water re­
mechanism: an ecolog­
sources
ical evaluation
P. A. Tyler 43
W. D. Williams 155
6 Ecological considera­
tions in the management IV The impact of man on inland waters
of reservoir phyto­ 16 Conservation
plankton P. S. Lake 163
G. G. Ganf 67
17 Environmental impact of
7 Algal problems in water
reservoir construction:
supplies
the Dartmouth Dam
I. C. Smalls 74
invertebrate survey: a
8 Aquatic weeds case history
D. S. Mitchell 81 J. D. Blyth 174
Contents
18 The downstream influ­ VI Man-made lakes
ence of Lake Hume on 27 Lake Hume
the River Murray R. L. Croome 305
K. F. Walker 182
28 North Pine Dam
19 Biological monitoring C. R. King and R. G.
W. D. Williams 192 Everson 311
20 Environmental surveys 29 Lake Burley Griffin
B. T. Hart 205 T.J. Hillman 317
30 Some limnological feat­
V Aquatic fauna
ures of the Sydney water
21 Aquaculture supply system
N. M. Morrissy 215 L. D. Bowen and I. C.
22 Management of fresh­ Smalls 324
water fish and fisheries 31 Limnological features of
D. A. Pollard, L. C. some Victorian reservoirs
Llewellyn and R. D. J. I. J. Powling 332
Tilzey 227
VII Some special aquatic environments
23 Introduced fish
32 Farm dams
R. D. J. Tilzey 271
B. V. Timms 345
24 Introduced amphibians:
33 Waste stabilisation ponds
the cane toad
B. D. Mitchell 360
M. J. Tyler 280
34 Billabongs of the Mur­
25 Waterfowl resources
ray-Darling system
and their management
R. J. Shiel 376
L. W. Braithwaite 287
35 Estuaries and coastal
26 Ostracoda and water
lakes
resources: diagnosis and
I. A. E. Bayly 391
prognosis
K. G. McKenzie 295 Index 399
Plates
I Manganese deposits inside a IX Lagoon of Islands, Tasmania, in
hydroelectric pipeline 45 1963 61
II An experimental recirculatory X Lagoon of Islands, Tasmania, in
system 48 1974 62
III Detail of a recirculatory
XI Potamogeton tricarinatus imped­
apparatus 49
ing flow in an irrigation supply
IV A larger-scale experimental channel 82
system 50
XII Salvinia molesta covering the
V The anastomosing network of
surface of a sheltered
cells and hyphae of the man­
reservoir 84
ganese-oxidising budding bac­
XIII A view of Hume Dam 183
terium Pedomicrobium 51
VI Applied limnology in action 52 XIV Bufo marinus 282
VII The densely forested Mersey XV Dartmouth Dam site before
Valley, Tasmania 54 impoundment 340
VIII Lagoon of Islands, Tasmania, in XVI Aerial photograph of a 30 km sec­
1963 60
tion of the Goulburn River 377
Tables
1 Species diversity and mean biomass 14 Information and environmental
in some Australian lakes and indicators needed to study algal
impoundments 24 problems 209
2 Benthos of four saline maars in 15 Commercial catches of Australian
western Victoria 27 freshwater fishes 228
3 Benthic biomass and organic matter 16 Freshwater fish of coastal rivers and
in sediments 34 streams 231
4 Percentage contribution to total 17 Freshwater fishes of the Murray-
biomass by species 35 Darling drainage system 240
5 Some commonly recorded algae in 18 Freshwater fishes of the Lake Eyre
reservoirs in south-eastern Internal and Central Western Desert
Australia 74 drainage systems 258
6 Effluent disposal from Australian 19 Endemism and distribution of Aust­
sewage treatment plants 108 ralasian continental ostracode
7 Some examples of water-borne genera 296
infective agents causing infection by
20 Salinity ranges of representative
contact 128 saline and freshwater ostracode
8 Some examples of water-borne genera 297
infective agents causing infection
21 Some morphometric and hydrologic
when swallowed 129
data for Lake Hume 306
9 Medically significant arboviruses
22 Morphometric data for North Pine
and their vectors in Australia 139
Dam 312
10 Potential resources in wastewater
23 Typical major ionic composition in
from a population of 100,000 149
North Pine Dam 312
11 Number of examples of effluent
24 Morphometry of Lake Burley
reuse in Australia and geographical
Griffin 318
pattern 150
25 Water budget of Lake Burley
12 Abundance of principal macroin­
Griffin 319
vertebrate fauna of Mitta Mitta
River before and after construction 26 Analysis of zinc pollution
of Dartmouth Dam 178 sources 320
27 Nutrient budgets for Lake Burley
13 Number of species in Mitta Mitta
Griffin 321
River before and after construction
of Dartmouth Dam 179 28 Some salient morphometric infor-