Alexis de Tocqueville, the First Social Scientist

108 Pages·2009·1.6 MB·English

by  Jon Elster

AlexdiesT ocquevtihlFeli er,s t
SociSacli entist
JONE LSTER
ColldeegF er ance
J.'C AMBRIDGE
-;:;B
UNIVERSITYP RESS
AlexdiesT ocquevtihlFeli er,s t
SociSacli entist
JONE LSTER
ColldeegF er ance
��CeA MBRIDGE
1:::1'
UNIVERSITY PRESS
._-._._--_ .. -
Contents
CAMBRIDGUEN IVERSIPTRYE SS
CambriNdegweY ,o rMk,e lbouMrander,iC da,pT eow n,S ingapSoarPoea ,u lDoe,l hi
CambriUdngiev erPsrietsys
32A venuoeft hAem eriNceawsY ,or kNY, 10013-U2S4A 73,
www.cambridge.org
Informaotni ottnhi itwslw ew:c. ambrid!g9e7.8o20r145g70074
© JonE ls2te0r0 9
Thipsu bliciasit nci oopny riSguhbtjt.eo sc tta tuetxocreyp tion
andto t hper ovisoifro enlse vcaonltl elcitcievneas girnege ments,
no reproodfua cntpyia ormnta y tpalkaewc iet hotuhwter itten Praecfe pagvei i
permisosfCi aomnb ridge UPnrievsesr.s ity
AN otoent hTeex ts lX
Firpsutb li2s0h0e9d
I
Introduction
Printed in theo fAU mneirtiecda States
II
I PreferFeonrcmea tion
A catalogf orrt ehcpiousrb dl iciaastv iaoinlf oarmbt lheBe r itLiisbhr ary. 27
2 BelFioerfm ation
LibroafCry o ngrCeastsa loignPi unbgl icDaattiao n 3 Se-lIfntearnedIs ntd ividualism 47
4 Passions 59
Els,t eJr1o9n4,0 -
5 DesirOepsp,o rtunCiatpiaecsi,t ies 79
AlexdieTs oc quev:ti lhlee fi rsstc iseon/cJt ioiaEnsll t s ter.
p. cm. 6 PatteorfSn Qsc iCaalu sality 94
Inclubdiebsl iogrraepfheirceanlci ensd eaxn.d I4I
IS9B7N8 -201--158544(-h4a rdb-aIcSk9B)7N 8- -50-271400(7p-b4k .) 7 EqualaintdMy o bility
1.To cquevAillelxdeie,s1, 08 5-8159.2 .S ocisaclie n-tFirsatn-scB ei ography. 8 DemocrGaotviecr nment 133
3.So cisacli e-nPcheisl os4o.p hSyo.sc ciiael-nF creasn -cHei stoIrT.yi e.t. l 105
H59·5TE3472009 9 Revolution
300.-9d2C 22 2008605345 Conclusion 181
[B)
Reefrences 193
IS9B7N8 --502118-454h-a4r dback Index 199
IS9B7N8 -0--7542010p7a-p4e rback
CambriUdngiev ePrrsiehtsaysns o r esponsfiobri plteihrtesy i sotrae cnccuero afUcRL Sy f or
exteronrta hli rd-IpnatretrWyne be sti treesf ertroie ntd hipsu blicaantdi odnno oets
guaratnhtaeaten cyo ntoenn ts Wuecbhs itiesos,rw ilrle maaicnc,u roarat pep ropriate.
Informraetgiaornpd riinctger sa,tv iemle taabnlodet shf,ea rc tiunaflo rmatiiontn h igsi ven
worakr ceo rraettc htte i moeffi rsptr intbiunCtga ,m briUdngiev erPsriedtsoeyss n ot
guaratnhtaeec ec uroafc ys iuncfho rmtahteiroena fter.
v
Preface
Ifi rsrte aTdoc quevaillmloes ty efiafartgsyo a,sp arotfm yF rench
studaitte hsue n iverAssIi wt ays.l argieglnyo roafsn otc isacli ence
ando fh isyt,Iow rasu nabtlobe e neffirto hmi mW.h enIr eturtnoe d
DemoracciynA merififcetane y ealrast hearv,i snpge mnots otf t he
intervyeenailrnesga rntihnodgsi es cipIlh iandae ns ,e xpeIrh iaevnec e
onlhya wdi tthw oo thbeoro ks, TShcohmieanlsgSl 'tsr aotfCe ognyf lict
anPda uVle ynLee'p sa ienItc e i rqThuewe o.r pku mte i ns ucahs taotfe
inltleecatnudnae lr veoxucsi temeInc to utnlhodat t s stiibtlu lht,a tdo
geutp f rom my acnhdwa ailrk afboromut ti mteo time.
WhenI t riteopd e netmroartfeeu lilnytt oh weo rki,tb sr illiance
begatnos eemmo rbel indtihnaignul mlinatAisnI ge .x plianit nh e
Introduacntddi oocnu mtehnrto ugthhobeuo to Tko,qc ueviulnlsey'ss­
tematnioctt, os ayi ncohearneanlty,ds eetsr farcottm h ev aluoef
DemoracciynA meriasca ag uidtoee ithdeerm ocroarAc mye rica.
Onf urtrheleferc thioowne,,v eIr awbaltseou nderswthaymn ydi nitial
impreswsaisjo sunt ifiIends.t oefaa ds sumtihnagTt oc queville was
ap olittihceaoolrr ia snot b serovfe rA mersioccyai,Ineb tegarne ading
hima sa s ocsicaile nDteimsortac.c iynA mreiicsfia l lteotd h ber i-m
indeseodm,e tiomveesr flowwiitnshgm a-alnldm edium-csaiuzseadl
mechaniasnmdhs i ghsloyp histmiectahtoeddo liongsiicgtahhlta st ,
althotuhgedhyo n oatd du pt ot hger antdh eotrowy h ichhea spired,
havlea stvianlguE ev.et no adyi,ts eemtsom e,t heayr neo ta sf ully
exploarnedud t ilaistz heedy otuobg eh.t
vii
Praecfe
Vlll
Althotuhgrihes a ssespsummtee i nntd iaf fecraemnfptr ovmi rtually
alwlr itoenrT soc queviitl lwena,osa t s oliwtoarrkyF. r om vtehrey
begininwtia nsag n e ntercparrirsoieue jtdo inwtiltSyht epHhoelnm es.
Int wof ootnIop toeistn ots pecific opnwo hiincthhess hapmeyd A Noteo nt heT exts
readoifnD ge mocraicnAy m eraincdoa f t hRee cloelctbiuottnh se,
importoafon uccreo lbloaratiboont hi smg urcehaa tnemdro rdei ufsfe.
Ons everal owcetc aausgiThooctnq su evtiolgleet hers ttuod eaontut rs
thUen iverosfCi htiyc aWgeoa .l sod oswanit,nO slPoa,r oirsC ,h icago,
sidbeys idaen,dr eatdh mea itne xptasg beyp agpea,r agrbaypp ahr ­
agrapIhns. od oinwgeh ammeroeudt oavne ruanldle rstaonfd ing
Tocquevaisals loec sicaile ntwieslatlso, u iran st erpreotfsa pteicoinfisc
passaagnedas r gumeOnfttseI.nc ,a nntoetwl hle thtehrio srt haitd ea
originwaitthhei dmo rw itmhe M.a nyc oncluwseirosenu sca hn atural
outcoomfoe u erx changetsh estyeh eamte d almost unauthored. While
Ic iDtee mcoraicnAy m rei(caD Af)r oAmr thGuorl dhamsmt erra'ns­
Steovueg htto recgerievdaeet ao alfc refdoiwrth ateivsve arl uaibnl e
latifootnrh Lei broafrA ym eri(c02a0 )4I.n fae w cIa sehsam,va ed e
thbiso oikst,h ouglowd i thosuatyi ngh eit nsho artte sponfsoiarbn lye
minotra ceimte ndattioto hnatste xOtn.o noec casIai losno atc eixtte
ofi tssh ortcomings. thaitsi ncluidne dtL haew retnrcaen slDaetimoocnr,ai cnAy me rica,
Theb oogkr eowu otf a coutrasueg ahItCt o lumbia Unini versity
NewY orkA:n chBooro k1s99 6.Ic iftreo tmh der afotfts h weo rbky
200A7s.w itmha nyo fm ye arlbioeork tsh,ie n terawcittimhoy n· refertroti hneg ediinTt ociqoune vOielulev(,rP else )iv,ao dle.P aIrIi,s :
studewnatses s senftoisrah la rpetnhiaenr gg umaenndt cleuapr ing
Gallim1a9r,9ad 2b brevia0t eII.Td ra nassl aftriootmnhs de r afatrse
confusTiwoon osf. tshpeeicrci ofinct ribaurtaeic oknnso wleidng ed
mme.
the nfootoeItas l.s toh anDki egGoa mbetPteat,Se tro naen,ds everal
Theriesn og ooEdn gltirsahn sloaft itAohnniec erne gi(mRAe)I .n
anonymroeufse rfoetreh se viarl uacbolmem enotnts h mea nuscript.
mya rti"cTolceq ueviinEl nlgel iAsrhc,h" iEvueresoe pnndeeSs o cio­
Ina dditIia omni ,n debttode ids cuswsiitoAhnr st hGuorl dhammer,
log4i0e( 9 1991)4,8 5-,5Ip oitnots evefrlea iwnst htew oe xisting
HeleLnaen demoreB,e rnaaMnraddn ifno trh mee anionfsg o mpea r­
translIaT thieto enxsct.is t heedra er ter anslbyaA tretdh Guorl dham­
ticuldaernlpsyae s sagtehsFe r iennt cehx Ftisn.a Ilt lhya nSkt ephanie
merw,h oi psr epaar inntegrw a nsloaft itohnet obw eop rukb lished by
Novafko rh erp ainstackhiencgko ifnt gh ep assaIg ceistf er om
CambriUdngiev erPsrietTsyhs e.p agree fereanrtceoe t she ed ition of
Toqcueville.
ARi nT oqcueviOleluev,(r Pelse )iv,ao dlIe.IP Ia,r Giasl:l im2a0r0d4 .
Goldhamhmaesr tarlasnos tlhapeta esds aIcg ieftsre o Tmoc queville's
notfeostr h per ojescetceodvn odl uomfte h Aen cireeingm eIc .i mtoes t
oft hebsyer efertroti hnsega meed itaiso0 n I IFIo.ar f ewp assages
frotmh ensoet tehsaa trn eo itn cluidnte hdPe l eieaddiet Iir oenf,te or
vol2.o ft heed itoifto hnAe n iceng irmieen tOheeur veCso mpletes,
PariGsa:l lim1a59r4da, s O C II-Ir2 e.f teorv ol2. o fh iEs crits
I Then ewP engutirna nslbayGt eiroanBl edv aanp peared maafntuesrc trtotih hpeet
presbeonothk a db een tsote hnpetu blisher.
ix
x A Notoent hTeex ts
edtsi copuorlsi tPiaqruGieassl:l, i mIa985r a,dl siont hOee uvCroems­
plteeassO, C1 I2I.-
Ic iTtoec queviIl836lae r'tsi fcotlrhe E ed ingbhRu ervioen"w P o­
litaincdsa olc cioanld iotfiF orna nbcyer "e fertro0i nIgIa Is,a b ove.
Rr efteort shR ee clolectNeiwoB nrsu,ns wNiJ:cT kra,n sacPtuibo­n Introduction
lishIe98r7s.
Lr efteorts hL ee ttcrheosi PsaireGisas,l: l im2a00r3.dT r anslations
armeI ne.
ERr efetroTs h e EurRoepveoalnua tnidCoo nrs rpeondweintche
GobnieaGul,o usct,eeM rassP.e:t er IS96m8i.th
Thet itolfte h ibso opkl acmeeis n mian orpiotsyi tointo wnos eparate
counts.
Mosstc holoafTr ocsq uevtihlilhneekw asag repaotl ittihceaolr ist,
andp alyi tattltee nttohi ioman s a s ocsicaile nTthievsyit e.hw i msa in
concernno ramsa tniovates e, x plaonryaA.tl thoIui gnht etnosd h ow
thatw ahsae n i mportsaoncti al sictio eficn sot uirsste, hparrodveer to
thnee gatsitvaet etmheahntetw asn oatm ajpoorl ittihcianIklne dre.e d,
Ia mn ogto intgom akaes ystematic taotr hgaeutfem fcetInm. ta y
mentiaoson n,e indtihcaiatntt hoiern ,d teox JRoahwnl AsT 'hse oroyf
Jus�tihecarene � twreenfntecyre tesoJ ohSnt uaMritlb lu,t ans oitn gle
onteo T ocquevAi mlolrede.i rect refutatoinoh ni bsoe fh aalnfy claim
tob e gar epaotl itthiicnaiklse rg biyvt ehhneu gely insctorhuecrteunrte
oft hweo rokn w hicahn syu cchl awiomu lhda vteor esDte,m coraicny
AmeriIcb ael.i evbeu lotkhf te h e presewnitlm lab koeio tck l ear
beyodnodu bt itnth haawtto rka,tl eaTsoctq,u evilnloeat s wyasst em­
atitch inkAelrt.h ohuega hs seirntt hsIe n trodutcot itbohoneo t kh at
an eww orlnde e"dasn ewp olitsicciaelnh cede o,en"so ptr oviitd.e His
worokn t haen cien wrheigmliuemc emh,o rceo heraenndst y stematic,
isp rao fowuonrdok f h istosroicciaolbl uotg yon fop to littihceaolr y.
Yett,o r epemaytc ,l atihmah tew asn oatn i mporptaonlti ttihceaolr ist
isst rictly tsou bpmsoysi idtiaiarvrgeyu ment.
Mossto csicaile nittfih sehtyas v,re e aTdoc quevpirlolbea,db onl oyt
thinki sh eu tph etior d asrtdTashn.em ya ya pplahuiadsm bitbiuotn ,
I
Inturcotdion 3
2 Intrcotdiuon
DemoracciynA meriacnadt ,o mau clhe sesxetre inntt h,ge e nerally
dentyh aitt wmaastc hbeyad n y acatcuhaile veImd eonn otts .h aanvye morseo baenrdc oherAencnit reenig me.
haredv idetnopc reo tvhesi tsa tembeuantl t o,n agc quainwtiatnhc et he
Consifidresrt atmhbieg sui.It thi aeosf tbeene n notwehde nt hat
socsicaile ntceelmsle s thheai tsm uchl eosfsa h ousehnoalmdte h an
Toqcuevirlelfeet ro"s d emocrhaecs yo"m etimmeeasn "sF rance,"
Marx, DurokrWh eebiemrI,.nt hien dteoxJ ameCso lemaFno'usn da­
someti"mAemse riacnads, o"m etimes "dienmg oecnrelar.Ica"ni es
tinoso fS ocTiheaol, ryt herseec erievsep ecetiigvnheitln,yae n,ds ixteen
angyi vpeans sage, thhateso r reecaodnesttrhr ieun ctte nmdeeadn ing.
refereTnoccqeuse,vo inllolyne e T.h er easosnu,s pIie sct th,af toc ro n­
It alissw oe lkln owtnh ahteu setsht ee r"md emocrtaodc eyn"ob toet h
temporsaocriya l swchiaceton ucneat ss "aacnhi eveimdsee ntte"r mined
democratic gaonvdte hrseno mceisnattalo t fee q ualIitt lyie.sgs esn ­
bya c ertvaiieonwf s cieansrc ees toinln agw ltihkeeo arnidae ism iantg
erarlelcyo gn-ibzueatdc enttrhaelos fit sh per esbeonot-k t hatth e
shaprrpe diiocnts.
ter"me uqaliittysi"ehs li fg halmyb iguSooumse.t iimmtee sa nesq uality
Ih avaer guaegda itnhsivtsi eiwnv arious mpolsratec ceesni,tn l y
off ortauntae gimvoemne nitnt imseo,m etirmaepsci hda ngoefs
ExplianSigon cBieahvlai oarn,dIs hanlolrt e stmayt eoe bcjtihoenrse .
fortouvneetr i mTeh.id sy namsiecn osfe equiasl imttahyiei n n depen­
Theo nlpyo iInw ta nttoe mphascioznec ernpsr ompyot sosa ulb stitute
denvta riabmlaen oyff to hrme o sitm porpthanetn omienn abt ohoek ,
mecnhiasfmoslr awTsh.es pillaonvdce orm pensatiotnh aIet f fects
notatbhlaeyb seonfco er ganizeda ncdhl eansocsefce lsa sstsr ugignl e
disciunCs hsa pt1ea rrm ee chaninsomgtse ,n elraawlAs s.l awtsh,e y
theU nitSetda tAenso.tr h aembigutiowt hyi cIhr epeatderdalwy
counlodbt o th trbueae sm; e chanitshmemsya, y b otbhe a ppalbilce,
attenitshi iotsne ndetnocu ys" eh atraendd"" e nvays" tihfew ye re
albienid ti ffesriettnuitao Tnhse.s tatetmhean"tta mfaanc idnagn ger
onaen tdh sea meem otiTohne.ay r neo tt:ha ec titoenn deonfhc ayt red
rarreelmya aisnhs ew ash:ew ileli trhiewsree l alb ovheih sa bitlueavle l
ist od esttrhoheya tpeedr stohna;ot fe nviyst od esttrhoeeyn vied
ors ink bweelloilwt ," fcuorntshiedirenC r headp t4e,irsh a rdal yl aw,
objencott, piotsssss eoIIr .nt haen alyosfai sr evoltuhtabiteo gna n
buitit sn o atn e mptsyt ateemietnhstei r,nt ceer tdiautmTuh rep. r op.o -
byd estropyriinvgi laengdee nsd,eb dyk illtihnpegr iviltehgidesid s,­
sittihoant wAh fevano rBs o veCr,t hree actoifCo ni s oofen nev y
tincitosi bovni oiumsployr tFainntat.lh leyir,hse i rse gutleanrd etnoc y
towaBrr da thtehrao nfh atrteodw ard A is oofTn oceq uperveimlilsee' s
descragi ibvepe hne nomefinrosantsa gltahsaisths a lffua lnltd h eans
analoyfst ihFser enRcehv olu(tCih9o.)nI .n vmiye ,w itm eicsh aan ism
onet haitsh alefm pty.
rathtehraa nl awa:c hitlhda itsn ootf efretdh iec cer eahme sri ster
Consindeexrvt a guenoefls asn guaTogceq.u eviisls loem etimes
receimvaeyrd e atcott hien jusotfhi ecprea rernattsh tehraa ng ainst guilotfoy n eo ft hem osftur stradteifnegic nt wsar i,tt ehraotfn ot
the bfeotrtteourfnh ees ri bling.
begi cnleeanro utgobh e w ronAgt. one bpeolioInwa t s km yself
Itw ouldm ibsel eatdoli enagtv heie m prestshiaTotocn q ueviisl le
whethtehre irsea c ontradbiecttwieotenwn op assaagnedas n,s wer
compleitgenloybr yec do ntempsoorcasircayil e n.t iT"shTotecs queville
thaotn eo ft heims " tovoa gue tof lbaet c-ooinuntt r adwiictthi on
paradtohxaI"ct o nsiidnCe hra pt9-e rre voluotcicounrs cwohnedni ­
anyth.i"Tn hgeriesa lsao f rustrvaatgiunegni ents hsce h aptoenr s
tiognesbt e t,tn eowrth etnh eayrg ee ttwionrg-s eh ahsa adc onsiderable
"HowA mericcaonmsb aitn dividwuiatlhi simfn rsetei tuatnido ns"
influeonnct eh eoroifre esv oluItti oanilsssg. oe neraaclklnyo wledged
"HowA mericcaonmsb aitn dividwuiatlthih sedm o ctroifns ee lf­
thatth ee qually pairdaedoaof x" ipclaulr ailginsotriactn hcaet"
inteprreospte urnldye rosdt,ao"si ft hewseer ceo nscicooulsl ective
wasl auncbhyeF dl oyAdl lpionr1 t29 4h ada direpcrte curins or
effotrodt esf eaga etn erraelcloyg npirzoebdlS eomm.oe ft his language
Tocquevitlhleeoo'rfcsy o nform(ihCs.2m )I s. h atlrlty o p ersutahdee
mayb ei nnocrehnett obruistco ,m etiTmoceqsu evgiilvtlehesie m pres­
readtehra Ttoc quevhialslo et heirn sigwhotrst dhi scoveorri ng
siotnh ahte i st ransforming rcealuasteii-noetmnfoesf a encst- end
redisco.v ering
Them aionb statcotl herises h abilairtTeaoc tqiuoenv iclolnes'tsa nt
ambuiigtvya,g uenoefls asn gutaegned,e tnosc pye culfaltiigovhfet s I Iwf ea rteoa votiadu towleoc gayn,n iodte ntthiefyesm eo tiboytn hse eifrf ercatts,h; e r
weh avteol ooaktt hbee lieftsr itgthghaeetrm .
fancayn,ds elf-contrTahdeisfcelt aiaworsnae sb .u ndafnotulniydn
4 Intrond uctio
Intrcotdiuon 5
relatTihointsse .n dencclyo siresel lya ttoef udcn tioenxapll anation,
contradiislc ettsirsoo nu bletshoaamnme bi guivtayg,u enaensds ,s pec­
abowuhti cmho rseh ortly.
ulatEiaocnoh.ft woc ontradcilcatiimnsgh amvaeeyx planuasteo­ry
Consider tfhsuepr etchtueilrvta ee ndenTchiere esa.d oefDr e moc­
fulniebfs osta hr deo wngradelda wflrsiotkmae t emteosn ttast ements
raciynA mreicisas t rubcytk h ceo ntrbaesttw etehnce o ncraentde
abomuetc hanisms.
down-to-neaatruotrfhte h fier svto luamned t hhei ghslpye culative,
Ind efeonfsh eic so ntradiwcemt iigohnatsl ,ss ou ggetsetn,t atively,
almossotp homcohrairca ocfmt aenrpy a rotfts h see coMnods.ot f u s
thatth ewye res iade fef oefch tii sn tecnosnec entornat thmieao tnt aetr
arlei afbrloetm i mteot imteos pebaekf owrete h inTokc;q uevoifltleen
hanwdh,i csho meticmaeussh eidmt of orgwehta th ahwedr itatf eenw
seemtsoh avteh ougbhetf ohree lo(oSkieandt e-)BJe.au mveeBsr yce,
pageesai relWrh.e ng eneralriezciknlfger sosamlf ye we xamplhee s,
whoh ad dae ekpn owleodfg e tUhnei tSetda taessw e lals o f
also pusihmepdl itchafeta irotanhnseddr e eptehrah nem ighott her­
Toqcueviwlolrekc',hs a racttehrei zseedvc oolnudam se "a series of
wishea vdeo nIen. sao mewhToactq ueviplhlriaasneR ,p( ps1.e 4e4 ,
ingenious aanbds tfirsnapecesptcu unl a.t.wih.oin c.sh .w i.la lp pear
2I5 ,)h em ighhta vper obleedds ese phlaydh eb eemno rceo ncerned
tom osrte adoevresr fualno,cv iefrconifind etnehtfe fitororc t o nstruct
with consTihsiitsde einaosc b yv.i onuosatlp yo itnobt e s tresbsutetod ,
ag enetrhaelo arpyp lictaot bhlee ilnfiydn iivteersfiaficoetfhds u man
bet akfeonwr h aitit sa: suggestion.
soctiyae,n do ccasimoonnaoltloyn iontu hser ierp etoifdt iisotni nctions
Therieas n otohbesrt aculned etros tTaoncdqiunegvf iowlrhl iec hhe
withdoiuftrf eencaensdg eneratloivota igeupsee ,r htaophoso olwlf, or
shounlodtr ealbleby l amebdu,tw hicnhe verltehsmesa yb ep artly
practuiscea.Tl,h ,em2 o sbtl atiannstt anpceersh,ao pcsc,ui rnh is
responfsoitrbh leue n justniefigeldoe fch ti vsi ewIsts. e emtsom e
speculeaxtpilvaen aotfvi aornisro eulsi gpihoeunso meAnsa .I ins ay
certain dboeuybtothn adTt oc quevdielplleo hyies"d m odels" or
Chapt2e,ir nt hese anhaeil sy saepspw,lh yamitan ygb ec allefidr stth e
"mechaniins mfsau" l ly consIcfi inodiu tis m pwoasyst.ioe b xlpel ain
laowf p seudo-s"cEiveenrcyeit:sha li intgbt ilte e lviekrey tehlisneg. "
thceo nsiastpepnettaot l h sep illeofvfeaernc td tod etshier e-opportu­
Consifidnearlt lhcyeo ntradiIcnat nei aornlsi.e r cboonotka itnheadt
nitmye chaniinDs em moracciynA m reicoart ,hr ee peaitnevdo cation
twoc haptoenTr osc quevIiw lrloett,eh a"tT heirsne o p oint beating
oft hpea tte"rdness trboysy uecdc easnsd"" as vebdy d angeirnt" h e
abotuhtbe u sThh:e re oitsh genrroe t ahti nkecro wnhtor ahdiimcstesl f
Recollewcittihooaunstss u,m tihnaght ew orkefdr oamb straancdt
so often suacnhd coenqn utersnats"li.3 oI n owt hiInok v erdiitd
genemroadle Blustp. e rhaopusto fa c ombinaotfi othnhi es torian's
somewhbayt ,l oafec xke gecthiacraailnt dy ingAesnI ud iitsyca.ut s s
arrogaanncdte h aer istoacrrraotg'ahsne dc ies dasipneeldtl hienmg
varipoluasc beesl oswo,m oef t hper imfaa ccioen tradimcatybi eo ns
outH.e4s eemtsoh avper efetrorh eiddt eh sec affoalnddpi rnegt end
rescouree dx plaaiwnaeyMd.a n,yh owe,vc earnnIont .p aarrtt,ih ceu l
thatw ahsse i mptleyl lais ntgo pruy,t toinneg faohoeta da nooft her,
authoorfpi utbyl oipci niibsoo nt ahs searnteddd e ni(eCdh2 .)a ,si tsh e
witthh oec casimoanxaiolmre pigrtahmr oiwnnA. n ytheilnwsgoe u ld
capacoifdt eym ocrcaittiicz enmso ttiov abbtytee h dle o ng-ctoenr­m
havsem ackoefdp edanatnrdyo ft he absetirgahtcete nth-century
sequenofct ehsep irre sent (cChhoI.ai ncdeC sh .3 )O.nt hecsoer e
rationtahlaihtsed me tesLtiekdSe.t endhheaw lr,o tfeo trh hea ppy
issuoefts h e wwoers ki mpdlony o ktno ww hahtet houIgnhm ty.
fewT.h awta sh ipsr iviblueptge er,h apopsst erliotsys'.S
earlsiteuIrd yn oottehdme irn oirn consisttheaInt c,bi eelasir eaevl es,o
Them aitna sokft hiboso ikst oa rgfuoetr h ree levoafTn occeq ue­
beyorneds cFureo.tm h e persopfe ctpthrieev sebe onotkh ,o we,v er
vilfloer ssocciieainlntc hete w entyc-efinrtsuItrt my a.y ubsee ftuol
framseo moeft hmeo rgee neirsaslbu yec so mparhiinmwg i tsho moef
2 Bry(cre 90pr.3) 26,. I nh is reovft ihesewe covnodl umJeo,hSn t uaMritlr le mained hicso ntempoIrb aerliiteehsve.emr aeye xiscto nas etnhsautths e three
uttesrillayeb nottu hte sspee culiadteiaav sef, at cetn diI n ttoe rapsir nedti cating similar
disappornoh vipasal r Hti.rs o bucsotm mosne nmsues hta ve htiomtl hdat th ewye re
nonsense,f rainedn dwhsiihtsaih np dg eneardamli raftoiTroo cnq uevpirlelvee nted
himf rosma yisnoTg.h iiss coofu rmseerg eu esswomrykp aornt . 4 Severreaald oeftr hsme a nuscorbijpetc ttehdci lsta oiw mh,i cIch e rtaciannlnpyor to ve
tob et ruIeti. sb asoenda l onagc quainwtiatTnhocc eq ueviplrlieca'knsldiy n tensely
3 Elst(9e19r 3,p ).I I2.
privpaetres onaanldi,t nyao st etI h itene xhti,ds i sloifpk eed antry.
6 Inturcotdion Intrcotdiuon 7
mositm porttahnitn koensr osc ainadlp oliticailn t mhasete tcoenrds prerevolutiownaaspr ryo gFrreasnhscoielv leolowyue atdn dd estabi­
thiorfdt hen ineteceenntthuw reyrM ea rxJ,o hSnt uaMritl aln,d lizeads oacsi oevteayrp eriooftd h roerfe o ur huynedarresd.
TocquevTihlel ec.o mpabretiwseoMenan r xa ndTo cqueviisel slpee ­ Byf ucntionaIlm iesamtn h eex planaotfpi hoenn ombeynt ah eir
ciailnlsyt r.uO cntei vceouludso era glasnoti hciinsksteu rcashsH egel, benefiecffieaclft ossr o meth(ien.gsg o.c,ic aolh esioors no)m eone
Speenrca,n dD urkheaisam f otiolb rionugwt h aitsd istinacbtoiuvte (e.tgh.cea, p italist tchlabanyst sh)e irra tIcwhafeeu o rsb esse.tr hvaet
Tocqueville. ag roup enings augcecse csoslfluelc tivweem iagchettxi polnia,bti y n
Paintinvge rwbyir tohas dt roktehsde,o minaanntdi nm yv iew itbse neficial constehqecu oelnlceecsrt aitfvhoiterthr ya b ny t he
deeppleyr nicfieoautsu orfen si neteenths-occeintathluo ruyg ht motiavnedbs e lioeff sit nhed ivipdarutailc iIpwfae on btsse.nr ovrem s
werheo liosrm,g anifcuicnstmi,o naalnidts eml,e olIoncg oym.p lex ofv endeatntdba l oofuedd isn a b ackwsaorcdyi ,we etm ighetx plain
ways Itc haantn doits chuesrste h,e csleo sienltye rraeplpartoeadc hes them bfya cttthh aett h ekye ep ptohpeu ladtoiwonan ta sustainable
were palretglaoycf ty ha e olaongdy parretslouyfl tati hnef luoefn ce levAellt.h oTuocgqhu evnielvlpeerr o posefsu naocnntyai lairsgtu ment
bioloongt yh ea nalyosfsi osc iTehteyy. tloe dsa olrlt sa bsoufr d witthh adte groefce r udenheeds osea,sp petaotl h miso de eoxfp lana­
argumeanntcdso nclumsainooynf st h,e dme seravp irnogm inpelnatc e tioonnt woi mportpaonitnH tesb .e lietvheasdto cnioarlm asn d codes
int hcea bionfe th orirnto hrhesi stoofrs yc ieWnicteah.f ew excep­ of hoenxoirbs etc autshees ya titshfeny e edosf tghreo up whose
tioTnosqc,u evwialsl ei nnooftc heensstie nA sm.o nhgi cso ntempora­ behavtihoegryo vern 4()MC.oh r.ei m portaank telayyr ,g umienn t
rieosn,l y SJtouhanM ritlh la dac learneecro irntd h irse spect. thAe ncierneg iamreg uarbelsyot ns cao nfusbieotnw eaecnc idental
Byh oliIsm me ant hed enioaflm ethodoliongdiicvaild ualism, third-bpeanretofiyfts so ccioanlf alnidec xtp lanbaetnoer(fiythC s.9) .
andt hcel aitmh astu praindeinvtiidtuiaelts h e"-ys boecf iaaclt s" Theasrer ea rien stahnocweesv,Ae ssr h.o wbnyh iasn alyosfree sl igion,
(Durkihme)c,l as(sMeasr xor)R ,e as(oHne g-ehla)v ien dependent hew asf ulalwya roeft heex istoefnn ocne explbaennaetofiofsrt oysc ial
explanaptoow.re yr Ainm porteaxnatm pilste h tee ndetnoic gyn ore pracetsi.c
thfer ee-ripdreorb lienm colalcetcitaoinnvd,e a tsos utmheac to oper­ Byt eleoIlm oegatynh ied etah ahti sthoarasys esneb,o tahm eaning
atiwoinl lf obret hcosmiimnpbgle yc aiuts eb iest tfeoarrl ilfa lclo ­ andd iar ecIttiir soe nl.a ttohe odl ibsumot,n cea bne nao nteleological
opertahtaein fn ondeo eTsoc.q uevwialsnl oe soofar h to liAsswt e. holiIstit sa. l sroe lattofe udn ocntailiisntm h,we a yw holetsraalidese
shaslelhe e,w asv ery mauwcahro eft hfeer e-rpirdoebrl aenmad,r gued relattore edt Oanielc .ab ne fuan ctionoantl hioisrstt h astp eciisfiscu e,
thaeti tshoecrni oarlm osrs elecitnicveen mtaiyvc eosn tritboou vteer ­ withboeuitc nogm mitttole adr ge hicsltaoiTrmhiseIc. na tlr odutcot ion
coming it. His ftroe" qmuoerneatsse " xr pelfaenrvaeatnrocireaysb les DemocraicnAy m erimcaay on rae afidrsisnetge t mo constitute a
don otp resuptphoastteh easreae n ythoivnegar n da bov(es hared) teleolaorggiucmaeflon trth ei rresistiinbelvei tpaarnbodlg ero efs s
indiviadtutailt Muodreeso.,v T eocrquevwialsnl oet oan rleys olute equailnitt hmyeo dewronr lIad r.g iuneC hapt2,eh ro we,vt ehrasth orn
methodoliongdiicvaild buuaatll isIso t,a, r gCuhea pit8nea, rn e thical ofi trsh etosrtiyctlahelre e asoinsipn egr feacctcleyp taanbdvl ael id.
individualist. ChaptIe5.r o ft heA Ra lso ah absoi ft teleofllooargvb,i ucta l
Byo rganiIcm iesatmnh tee ndenlcoyo kts ooa cti eatsai neasl ogous harmlessos.l y
to bioloorggiacnaiwlsi mtsah,n i mpliocrei xtp laiscsiutm potfi on Int hwea yIsh avien dicateadn,dT o Mcaqruxe vairlaelto e p posite
stabialnidst eyl f-regIunnl ianteitoene.n ths-occeinotalunordgy y in poleEsx.c efpottr h rea rlea pisnetf ou nocntailiTsocmq,u eville looks
morree cecnytb erntehteiocro ifse osc itehtiyas,p prohaacslh e tdo fomri corunodftaiownhse rMea rxl ooks for eavgoglruetgiaotnea ry
ag redaetao lfn onseAngsaei.Tn o,qc uevcialbnle ee xculpoantt heids patte(rTnhshe.ay v ienc ommohno,w e,ve etrhiicnadli vliidsuYmae.t)
counIat r.g iuneC hapt5te rh ahtet hought Aimnhe irtsii cmwaea si n whiloep postihteey, awlersceoo nnecWtee dk.n tohw at Mraeraxd
(whIas th aclalla ls )t aotfee q uilibbruhite tld mi,nd o ctl atihmat th is Tocquevainldtl hea,ht ew asp robaibnlfyl uebnyhc ieisdd eaabso ut
wast hnea tusrtaalot fe saolcli eOtnit ehse. coyn,ht ear ragrutehda t clas(soers tahbesierni cnAe m)e ri(cCah7 .) I.nT ocquevinloltee'ss