Alcohol and the Nervous System

649 Pages·2014·62.8 MB·English

by  Edith V. Sullivan and Adolf Pfefferbaum (Eds.)

HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL
NEUROLOGY
Series Editors
MICHAEL J. AMINOFF, FRANC¸OIS BOLLER, AND DICK F. SWAAB
VOLUME 125
EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PHILADELPHIA
ST LOUIS SYDNEY TORONTO 2014
ELSEVIERB.V.
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK
225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA
©2014,ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,
includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting
fromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissions
policiesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright
LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthan
asmaybenotedherein).
ISBN:9780444626196
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmay
becomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusing
anyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethods
theyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhavea
professionalresponsibility.
Withrespecttoanydrugorpharmaceuticalproductsidentified,readersareadvisedtocheckthemostcurrent
informationprovided(i)onproceduresfeaturedor(ii)bythemanufacturerofeachproducttobeadministered,
toverifytherecommendeddoseorformula,themethodanddurationofadministration,andcontraindications.It
istheresponsibilityofpractitioners,relyingontheirownexperienceandknowledgeoftheirpatients,tomake
diagnoses,todeterminedosagesandthebesttreatmentforeachindividualpatient,andtotakeallappropriatesafety
precautions.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeany
liabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,
orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein.
ThePublisher
PrintedinChina
The
Publisher's
CommissioningEditor:MicaHaley policy is to use
DevelopmentEditor:MichaelParkinson paper manufactured
ProjectManager:SujathaThirugnanaSambandam from sustainable forests
Designer/DesignDirection:AlanStudholme
HandbookofClinicalNeurology3rdSeries
Availabletitles
Vol.79,Thehumanhypothalamus:basicandclinicalaspects,PartI,D.F.SwaabISBN9780444513571
Vol.80,Thehumanhypothalamus:basicandclinicalaspects,PartII,D.F.SwaabISBN9780444514905
Vol.81,Pain,F.CerveroandT.S.Jensen,eds.ISBN9780444519016
Vol.82,Motorneuronedisordersandrelateddiseases,A.A.EisenandP.J.Shaw,eds.ISBN9780444518941
Vol.83,Parkinson’sdiseaseandrelateddisorders,PartI,W.C.KollerandE.Melamed,eds.ISBN9780444519009
Vol.84,Parkinson’sdiseaseandrelateddisorders,PartII,W.C.KollerandE.Melamed,eds.ISBN9780444528933
Vol.85,HIV/AIDSandthenervoussystem,P.PortegiesandJ.Berger,eds.ISBN9780444520104
Vol.86,Myopathies,F.L.MastagliaandD.HiltonJones,eds.ISBN9780444518996
Vol.87,Malformationsofthenervoussystem,H.B.SarnatandP.Curatolo,eds.ISBN9780444518965
Vol.88,Neuropsychologyandbehaviouralneurology,G.GoldenbergandB.C.Miller,eds.ISBN9780444518972
Vol.89,Dementias,C.DuyckaertsandI.Litvan,eds.ISBN9780444518989
Vol.90,Disordersofconsciousness,G.B.YoungandE.F.M.Wijdicks,eds.ISBN9780444518958
Vol.91,Neuromuscularjunctiondisorders,A.G.Engel,ed.ISBN9780444520081
Vol.92,Stroke–PartI:Basicandepidemiologicalaspects,M.Fisher,ed.ISBN9780444520036
Vol.93,Stroke–PartII:Clinicalmanifestationsandpathogenesis,M.Fisher,ed.ISBN9780444520043
Vol.94,Stroke–PartIII:Investigationsandmanagement,M.Fisher,ed.ISBN9780444520050
Vol.95,Historyofneurology,S.Finger,F.BollerandK.L.Tyler,eds.ISBN9780444520081
Vol.96,Bacterialinfectionsofthecentralnervoussystem,K.L.RoosandA.R.Tunkel,eds.ISBN9780444520159
Vol.97,Headache,G.NappiandM.A.Moskowitz,eds.ISBN9780444521392
Vol.98,SleepdisordersPartI,P.MontagnaandS.Chokroverty,eds.ISBN9780444520067
Vol.99,SleepdisordersPartII,P.MontagnaandS.Chokroverty,eds.ISBN9780444520074
Vol.100,Hyperkineticmovementdisorders,W.J.WeinerandE.Tolosa,eds.ISBN9780444520142
Vol.101,Musculardystrophies,A.AmatoandR.C.Griggs,eds.ISBN9780080450315
Vol.102,Neuro-ophthalmology,C.KennardandR.J.Leigh,eds.ISBN9780444529039
Vol.103,Ataxicdisorders,S.H.SubramonyandA.Durr,eds.ISBN9780444518927
Vol.104,Neuro-oncologyPartI,W.GrisoldandR.Sofietti,eds.ISBN9780444521385
Vol.105,Neuro-oncologyPartII,W.GrisoldandR.Sofietti,eds.ISBN9780444535023
Vol.106,Neurobiologyofpsychiatricdisorders,T.SchlaepferandC.B.Nemeroff,eds.ISBN9780444520029
Vol.107,EpilepsyPartI,H.StefanandW.H.Theodore,eds.ISBN9780444528988
Vol.108,EpilepsyPartII,H.StefanandW.H.Theodore,eds.ISBN9780444528995
Vol.109,Spinalcordinjury,J.VerhaagenandJ.W.McDonaldIII,eds.ISBN9780444521378
Vol.110,Neurologicalrehabilitation,M.BarnesandD.C.Good,eds.ISBN9780444529015
Vol.111,PediatricneurologyPartI,O.Dulac,M.LassondeandH.B.Sarnat,eds.ISBN9780444528919
Vol.112,PediatricneurologyPartII,O.Dulac,M.LassondeandH.B.Sarnat,eds.ISBN9780444529107
Vol.113,PediatricneurologyPartIII,O.Dulac,M.LassondeandH.B.Sarnat,eds.ISBN9780444595652
Vol.114,Neuroparasitologyandtropicalneurology,H.H.Garcia,H.B.TanowitzandO.H.DelBrutto,eds.
ISBN9780444534903
Vol.115,Peripheralnervedisorders,G.SaidandC.Krarup,eds.ISBN9780444529022
Vol.116,Brainstimulation,A.M.LozanoandM.Hallett,eds.ISBN9780444534972
Vol.117,Autonomicnervoussystem,R.M.BuijsandD.F.Swaab,eds.ISBN9780444534910
Vol.118,Ethicalandlegalissuesinneurology,J.L.BernatandH.R.Beresford,eds.ISBN9780444535016
Vol.119,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartI,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040863
Vol.120,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartII,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040870
Vol.121,NeurologicaspectsofsystemicdiseasePartIII,J.BillerandJ.M.Ferro,eds.ISBN9780702040887
Vol.122,Multiplesclerosisandrelateddisorders,D.S.Goodin,ed.ISBN9780444520012
Vol.123,Neurovirology,A.C.TselisandJ.Booss,eds.ISBN9780444534880
Vol.124,Clinicalneuroendocrinology,E.Fliers,M.KorbonitsandJ.A.Romijn,eds.ISBN9780444596024
Foreword
ArtifactsfromancientexcavationsattesttotheuseofalcoholatleastasearlyastheNeolithicage(over10000years
BC)andithasbeensuggestedthatalcoholicbeverages,particularlybeer,mayhaveprecededbreadasabasicfood.
Furthermore,therearedocumentedinstancesinmorerecenthistorywherebeerreplacedwaterwhenthelatterwas
deemedtobeundrinkable.
Thereareclearlytwodifferingandcoexistingviewpointsaboutalcohol.Ontheonehand,alcoholicbeveragesmust
becreditedasplayinganimportantrolenotonlyinenhancingtheenjoymentandqualityoflife,butalsoinmedicine
andreligion.Ontheotherhand,alcoholhasbeenresponsiblefordisease,specificallyalcoholismandvariousother
disordersrelatingtoalcoholconsumption.WhilemorethanhalfofallAmericansaged12yearsorolder,i.e.,anesti-
mated 130.6 million people, report that they consume alcohol, alcohol abuse affects as many as 7-10% of the US
population.
IntheprevioustwoseriesoftheHandbookofClinicalNeurology,foundedandeditedbyPierreVinkenandGeorge
Bruyn,alcoholismwasdiscussedinthecontextofintoxicationsofthenervoussystem.Weareverypleasedtointro-
ducethepresentvolumeoftheHandbookdealingwiththeconsequencesofalcoholabuseonthenervoussystem,the
firsttimeanentirevolumehasbeendedicatedspecificallytothisimportantproblem.
Thevolumedealswithavarietyofalcohol-relatedtopics.Itincludesanimalmodels,genetics,andanindepthpre-
sentation of the epidemiology, neuropathology, neurophysiology, and molecular basis of alcoholism. Subsequent
chaptersdealwithacuteintoxicationandthesequelaeofchronicalcoholabuse,includingthefetalalcoholdisorder.
Mostchaptersdealwiththecentralnervoussystem,includingneuropsychologicandpsychiatricimplications,butthe
effectofalcoholontheperipheralnervoussystemaswellasontheliverisalsodiscussed.Onechapterdealswith
alcohol and the law and there are several chapters discussing the pharmacologic treatment of alcoholism as well
asnon-pharmacologicinterventionsandprevention.
We have been fortunate in having two distinguished scholars serve as volume editors. Dr. Edith V. Sullivan is
Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Stanford University School of Medicine and Dr. Adolf
Pfefferbaum is Director of the Neuroscience Program in the Center for Health Sciences at SRI International (a
non-profit, independent research and innovation center serving government and industry) as well as Professor
(Emeritus)ofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciencesattheStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Theyhaveassembled
a truly international group of contributing authors with acknowledged expertise and have produced with them an
authoritative,comprehensive,andup-to-datevolumeonalcoholandthenervoussystem.Itsavailabilityelectronically
onElsevier’sScienceDirectsiteaswellasinprintformatshouldensureitsreadyaccessibilityandfacilitatesearches
forspecificinformation.Wearegratefultothevolumeeditorsandcontributorsfortheireffortsincreatingsuchan
invaluable resource. As series editors we read and commented on each of the chapters with great interest. We are
thereforeconfidentthatbothcliniciansandresearchersinmanydifferentmedicaldisciplineswillfindmuchinthis
volumetoappealtothem.
WearegratefultoDr.EllenWitt,DeputyDirector,DivisionofNeuroscienceandBehavior,NationalInstituteon
AlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism.Sheandhercolleaguesprovidedinvaluableadviceintheearlypreparationofthevol-
ume.Asalways,itisapleasuretothankElsevier,ourpublisher-andinparticularMichaelParkinsoninLochcarron,
andMicaHaleyandKristiAndersoninSanDiego–fortheirunfailingandexpertassistanceinthedevelopmentand
productionofthisvolume.
MichaelJ.Aminoff
Franc¸oisBoller
DickF.Swaab
Preface
Formillennia,menandwomenenjoyedthepleasuresofalcoholandhavesufferedthethroesofitsmisuse.Thelifetime
prevalenceofalcoholusedisordersisestimatedat10%.Upwardsofone-thirdofuniversityhospitaladmissionsare
relatedtosomeformofalcoholabuse,andestimatesareevenhigherforfacilitiescaringforveterans.Theneurologic
substratesandsequelaeofexcessiveandchronicdrinkingaresalientandcanbelife-threatening;yet,manyarequelled
or reversed with sobriety and requisite medical supervision. No known remedy other than one’s own metabolism
reversesacutealcoholintoxication.Despiteitsprevalenceanddevastatingeffectsontheafflicted,family,andsociety,
alcoholismremainsanundertreatedandunderrecognizeddiseaseevenwithinthemedicalprofession.
ThefirstvolumeoftheHandbookofClinicalNeurologywaspublishednearly50yearsago.Inthe1970s,theHand-
bookpublished“IntoxicationsoftheNervousSystem,”atwo-volumeseries(volumes36and37),withupdatesinthe
mid-1990spresentedinvolumes64and65.Thefourvolumespresentedextensivereviewsofthetoxicologyofnumer-
ousagents,poisons,andvenoms,includingalcohol.Nowinseries3,volume125,“AlcoholandtheNervousSystem”is
thefirstoftheentirehandbookseriesdevotedsolelytotheclinicalandbasicscienceofacuteandchronicalcoholabuse
andalcoholism.Althoughthemostsalientsignsandsymptomsofalcoholismhaveaneurologicbasisresultinginbrain
changesconsideredbothneurotoxicandneuroadaptative,theirdetectionisoftenelusiveforseveralreasons,including
lackofawarenessanddifficultiesinconfrontingthepatientwiththeproblem.Principalgoalsofthisvolumeareto
updateknowledgeonthebasicneuroscienceofalcoholism,recognizethatalcoholismisadisease,andprovidethe
clinicianwithguidanceinidentifyingalcoholusedisordersandindealingwiththedifficultiesineducatingthepatient
aboutitsuntowardmedical,psychologic,andsocialoutcomes.
Tofulfillthesegoals,severaldozenleadingscientistsinclinicalandbasicalcoholismresearchcontributed39chap-
ters,makingacompendiumofevidence-basedconceptsandthoughtfulmodelsontheneurologyandneuroscienceof
alcoholism.Thevolumepresentsalcoholismandalcoholusedisordersasadiseaseandalifespanproblem,extending
fromfetalalcoholspectrumdisordertoteenagedrinkingtochronicproblemsinadulthoodandtheage-alcoholism
interaction,whereolderalcoholics exhibitacceleratedbrainstructuralinsult.Thebasicneuroscienceofalcoholism
describesthemolecularbasisofalcoholism,gene-environmentinteractions,alcoholmetabolism,pharmacokinetics,
andinteractionswithotherlicitandillicitagents.Humanstudiesusingthevariousinvivoneuroimagingmodalitiesto
examinebraintissuemacrostructure,microstructure,circuitry,chemistry,andneurotransmittersystemsrevealdam-
ageincurredwithexcessivedrinkingbutalsoatleastpartialrecoverywithsustainedsobriety.Thedynamiccourseof
alcoholismcapturedwithclinicalobservationandrigorousneuroimaging,electrophysiologic,andneuropsychologic
studyindicatesnotonlythenegativesidewiththedemiseofbrainstructureandfunctionbutalsothehopefulsideof
recoveryofselectivebrainfunctionandevenitsstructurewithabstinence.Systematicstudiesofhumanalcoholism
indicatethat,despitethewidespreaduntowardeffectsofalcoholismonthebrainanditsfunctions,theeffects,while
widespread,arenotmerelydiffusebutrathershowaselectivepatternofsparingandimpairment,potentiallyusefulin
directingeffortsinbehavioralandpharmacologictreatmentdevelopment.Thesestudiesalsoprovideevidenceforthe
vastheterogeneityofexpressionofthesequelaeandindicatemajorfactorscontributingtothisvariancethatneedtobe
consideredintreatmentandbasicscience.Salientfactorsincludeage,sex,ethnicity,psychiatricandothermedical
comorbidities,andgeneticpredisposition.
WhyshouldapsychiatristandapsychologisteditavolumeonalcoholismfortheHandbookofClinicalNeurology?
Reasoningmightincluderecognitionthattheformaldiagnosisofalcoholusedisordersistypicallybasedoncriteria
listedintheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders(DSM)orInternationalClassificationofDiseases
(ICD),diagnosticschedulesfocusedonpsychiatricdiseasesanddisorders,andthatthedemonstrativebehavioralout-
comesarewellcharacterizedwithneuropsychologictesting.Giventhatalcoholism-whetherconsideredalcoholabuse,
alcohol dependence, or alcohol use disorder - targets neurologic systems, alcoholism is an exquisite example of a
x PREFACE
multidisciplinarydisease,requiringconsiderationfromaninteractionofdisciplines.Itsinitiationrequiresconsider-
ationfromneurology,psychiatry,andpsychologyand,asthediseaseadvances,morbiditiesfrommanyfacetsofinter-
nal medicine, hepatology, oncology, and cardiology come into play. Surely, the reader will come away with the
understandingthattreatmentofthediseaserequiresateameffort.
We thank the chapter authors, who represent these multiple medical and scientific disciplines, for contributing
chapters of outstanding quality, thereby making our task more an educational experience than an editorial chore.
We would also like to acknowledge the series editors for inviting us to assemble and edit this volume and Mike
Parkinson,theDevelopmentEditor,forhisinvaluableoversightthroughoutthepublicationprocess.
EdithV.Sullivan
AdolfPfefferbaum
Contributors
A.Abi-Dargham R.F.Butterworth
DepartmentofPsychiatryandDepartmentof NeuroscienceResearchUnit,HoˆpitalSt-Luc(CHUM),
Radiology,ColumbiaUniversityCollegeofPhysicians UniversityofMontreal,Montreal,Qc.,Canada
andSurgeons,NewYork,NY,USA
R.Caetano
R.F.Anton SchoolofPublicHealth,DallasRegionalCampus,
CenterforDrugandAlcoholPrograms,Alcohol UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,
ResearchCenter,DepartmentofPsychiatryand Dallas,TX,USA
BehavioralSciences,MedicalUniversityofSouth
Carolina,Charleston,SC,USA J.Camchong
NeurobehavioralResearchInc.,Kihei,HI,USA
F.C.Baker
CenterforHealthSciences,SRIInternational,Menlo S.Chanraud
Park,CA,USAandBrainFunctionResearchGroup, EPHE;INCIA,CNRSUMR5287,Universite´ Victor
SchoolofPhysiology,UniversityoftheWitwatersrand, SegalenBordeaux,Bordeaux,France
Johannesburg,SouthAfrica
K.G.Chartier
H.Beaunieux SchoolofPublicHealth,DallasRegionalCampus,
Inserm,EPHE,Universite´ deCaen/Basse-Normandie, UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,
Unite´ U1077,GIPCyceron,CHUdeCaen,France Dallas,TX,USA
H.C.Becker I.M.Colrain
CharlestonAlcoholResearchCenter,Departmentof CenterforHealthSciences,SRIInternational,MenloPark,
PsychiatryandBehavioralSciences;Departmentof CA,USAandMelbourneSchoolofPsychologicalSciences,
Neurosciences,MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina TheUniversityofMelbourne,Parkville,Vic.,Australia
andDepartmentofVeteransAffairsRHJMedical
Center,Charleston,SC,USA B.N.Costin
VirginiaCommonwealthUniversityAlcoholResearch
T.P.Beresford CenterandDepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology,
DepartmentofPsychiatry,SchoolofMedicine, VirginiaCommonwealthUniversity,Richmond,VA,USA
UniversityofColoradoandLaboratoryforClinicaland
TranslationalResearchinPsychiatry,Departmentof D.W.Crabb
VeteransAffairs,Denver,CO,USA DepartmentofMedicine,IndianaUniversitySchoolof
Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA
S.W.Book
CenterforDrugandAlcoholPrograms,Alcohol J.C.Crabbe
ResearchCenter,DepartmentofPsychiatryand PortlandAlcoholResearchCenterandDepartmentof
BehavioralSciences,MedicalUniversityofSouth BehavioralNeuroscience,OregonHealth&Science
Carolina,Charleston,SC,USA University,Portland,OR,USA
J.C.M.Brust F.T.Crews
DepartmentofNeurology,ColumbiaUniversityCollege BowlesCenterforAlcoholStudies,Departmentof
ofPhysicians&Surgeons,NewYorkNeurological PharmacologyandPsychiatry,UniversityofNorth
Institute,NewYork,NY,USA Carolina,ChapelHill,NC,USA
xii CONTRIBUTORS
H.J.Edenberg Y-C.Jung
DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology, DepartmentofPsychiatry,YonseiUniversityCollegeof
IndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Indianapolis,IN, Medicine,Seoul,Korea
USA
A.O.Karasov
M.Endres DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,
NeurobehavioralResearchInc.,Kihei,HI,USA StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine,PaloAlto,CA,
USA
F.Eustache
Inserm,EPHE,Universite´ deCaen/Basse-Normandie, G.F.Koob
Unite´ U1077,GIPCyceron,CHUdeCaen,France CommitteeontheNeurobiologyofAddictive
Disorders,TheScrippsResearchInstitute,LaJolla,CA,
R.Fama USA
DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,
StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Stanfordand J.J.Kril
NeuroscienceProgram,SRIInternational,MenloPark, DepartmentsofPathologyandMedicine,Sydney
CA,USA MedicalSchool,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,
Australia
G.Fein
NeurobehavioralResearchInc.,Kihei,HI,USA A.Lembke
DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,
L.Ferguson StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA
WaggonerCenterforAlcoholandAddictionResearch,
UniversityofTexas,Austin,TX,USA B.Lewis
DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofFlorida,
T.Foroud Gainesville,FL,USA
DepartmentofMedicalandMolecularGenetics,Indiana
UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA R.B.Luhar
BostonUniversitySchoolofMedicineandVABoston
L.Glass HealthcareSystem,Boston,MA,USA
CenterforBehavioralTeratology,SanDiegoState
University,SanDiego,CA,USA R.P.Maiya
CollegeofPharmacy,UniversityofTexas,Austin,TX,
Z.R.Gravitz USA
BostonUniversitySchoolofMedicineandVABoston
HealthcareSystem,Boston,MA,USA P.R.Martin
DepartmentofPsychiatry,VanderbiltUniversity
R.A.Harris MedicalCenter,Nashville,TN,USA
WaggonerCenterforAlcoholandAddictionResearch,
UniversityofTexas,Austin,TX,USA D.Martinez
DepartmentofPsychiatry,ColumbiaUniversity
S.Higuchi CollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeons,NewYork,
NationalHospitalOrganization,KurihamaMedicaland NY,USA
AddictionCenter,Kanagawa,Japan
S.Matsushita
J.Jacobus NationalHospitalOrganization,KurihamaMedicaland
PsychologyService,VASanDiegoHealthcareSystem AddictionCenter,Kanagawa,Japan
andDepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofCalifornia,
SanDiego,CA,USA S.N.Mattson
CenterforBehavioralTeratology,SanDiegoState
B.A.Johnson University,SanDiego,CA,USA
DepartmentofPsychiatryandBrainScience
ResearchConsortiumattheUniversityof R.O.Messing
MarylandSchoolofMedicine,Baltimore,MD, CollegeofPharmacy,UniversityofTexas,Austin,TX,
USA USA
CONTRIBUTORS xiii
D.J.Meyerhoff M.Oscar-Berman
CenterforImagingofNeurodegenerativeDiseases, BostonUniversitySchoolofMedicineandVABoston
SanFranciscoVeteransAffairsMedicalCenterand HealthcareSystem,Boston,MA,USA
DepartmentofRadiologyandBiomedicalImaging,
UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,SanFrancisco, M.J.Ostacher
CA,USA DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,
StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicineandVeterans
M.F.Miles AffairsPaloAltoHealthCareSystem,PaloAlto,CA,
VirginiaCommonwealthUniversityAlcoholResearch USA
Center,DepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology,
CenterforStudyofBiologicalComplexityand A-L.Pitel
DepartmentofNeurology,VirginiaCommonwealth Inserm,EPHE,Universite´ deCaen/Basse-Normandie,
University,Richmond,VA,USA Unite´ U1077,GIPCyceron,CHUdeCaen,France
B.A.Mills M.H.Plawecki
SchoolofPublicHealth,DallasRegionalCampus, DepartmentofPsychiatry,IndianaUniversitySchoolof
UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston, Medicine,Indianapolis,IN,USA
Dallas,TX,USA
B.Porjesz
S.M.Ruiz HenriBegleiterNeurodynamicsLaboratory,
BostonUniversitySchoolofMedicineandVABoston DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioral
HealthcareSystem,Boston,MA,USA Sciences,SUNYDownstateMedicalCenter,Brooklyn,
NY,USA
D.Most
WaggonerCenterforAlcoholandAddictionResearch, R.Prather
UniversityofTexas,Austin,TX,USA DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofFlorida,
Gainesville,FL,USA
P.J.Mulholland
CharlestonAlcoholResearchCenter,Departmentof M.Rangaswamy
PsychiatryandBehavioralSciencesandDepartmentof HenriBegleiterNeurodynamicsLaboratory,
Neurosciences,MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina, DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,
Charleston,SC,USA SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY,
USA
E.M.Müller-Oehring
DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences, S.Ravan
StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Stanfordand DepartmentofPsychiatry,ColumbiaUniversityCollege
NeuroscienceProgram,CenterforHealthSciences, ofPhysiciansandSurgeons,NewYork,NY,USA
Biosciences,SRIInternational,MenloPark,CA,USA
M.T.Reilly
K.Namkoong DivisionofNeuroscienceandBehavior,National
DepartmentofPsychiatry,YonseiUniversityCollegeof InstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism,Bethesda,
Medicine,Seoul,Korea MD,USA
C.L.Nicholas J.S.Rich
MelbourneSchoolofPsychologicalSciences,The DepartmentofPsychiatry,VanderbiltUniversity
UniversityofMelbourne,Parkville,Vic.,Australia MedicalCenter,Nashville,TN,USA
S.J.Nixon J.Rose
DepartmentsofPsychiatryandPsychology,University DepartmentofOrthopaedicSurgery,
ofFlorida,Gainesville,FL,USA StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Stanford,
CA,USA
A.Noronha
DivisionofNeuroscienceandBehavior,National K.S.Sawyer
InstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism,Bethesda, BostonUniversitySchoolofMedicineandVABoston
MD,USA HealthcareSystem,Boston,MA,USA
xiv CONTRIBUTORS
J.P.Schacht G.T.Sutherland
CenterforDrugandAlcoholPrograms,AlcoholResearch DepartmentofPathology,SydneyMedicalSchool,
Center,DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioral UniversityofSydney,Sydney,Australia
Sciences,MedicalUniversityofSouthCarolina,
Charleston,SC,USA S.F.Tapert
PsychologyService,VASanDiegoHealthcareSystem
T.Schulte andDepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofCalifornia,
NeuroscienceProgram,CenterforHealthSciences, SanDiego,CA,USA
Biosciences,SRIInternational,MenloPark,CA,USA
B.A.Temple
C.Seneviratne DepartmentofPsychiatry,SchoolofMedicine,
DepartmentofPsychiatry,InstituteforGenomeSciences, UniversityofColorado,Denver,CO,USA
UniversityofMarylandSchoolofMedicine,Baltimore,
MD,USA P.A.C.Vaeth
SchoolofPublicHealth,DallasRegionalCampus,
D.Seo UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,
DepartmentofPsychiatry,YaleUniversitySchoolof Dallas,TX,USA
Medicine,NewHaven,CT,USA
M.M.Valmas
D.Sheedy BostonUniversitySchoolofMedicineandVABoston
DepartmentofPathology,SydneyMedicalSchool, HealthcareSystem,Boston,MA,USA
UniversityofSydney,Sydney,Australia
R.L.Vassar
R.Sinha StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Stanford,CA,
DepartmentofPsychiatry,YaleUniversitySchoolof USA
Medicine,NewHaven,CT,USA
R.P.Vetreno
M.Slifstein BowlesCenterforAlcoholStudies,Departmentof
DepartmentofPsychiatry,ColumbiaUniversity PharmacologyandPsychiatry,UniversityofNorth
CollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeons,NewYork,NY, Carolina,ChapelHill,NC,USA
USA
A.L.Ware
L.M.Squeglia CenterforBehavioralTeratology,SanDiegoState
DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofCalifornia,San University,SanDiego,CA,USA
Diego,CA,USA
K.Warren
M.Stanford DivisionofNeuroscienceandBehavior,National
AddictionMedicineandTherapyServices,SantaClara InstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholism,Bethesda,
ValleyHealthandHospitalSystem,SantaClaraCounty, MD,USA
CA,USA
N.Wongngamnit
K.K.Sulik SubstanceAbuseTreatmentProgram,Departmentof
DepartmentofCellBiologyandPhysiologyandBowles VeteransAffairsandDepartmentofPsychiatry,School
CenterforAlcoholStudies,UniversityofNorth ofMedicine,UniversityofColorado,Denver,CO,USA
Carolina,ChapelHill,NC,USA
N.M.Zahr
E.V.Sullivan DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences,
DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences, StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Stanfordand
StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Stanford,CA, NeuroscienceProgram,SRIInternational,MenloPark,
USA CA,USA