Al-Andalus: where three worlds met

52 Pages·2004·8.97 MB·English

CONTENTS
DECEMBER 1991
___ __
Interview with UNESCO'FSI RST
MELINA MERCOURI 45Y EARS(P artI II)
byM ichel ; 7 Ztcotc
' t/Nsco/N/tcno
TENTH
ANNIVERSARY
OF THE UNESCOP RH
FORP EACE
EDUCATION
byB ettyR eardoann d
Ungk4uM H/4ztz
< UNESCO lN ACTION
WORLDH ERITAGE
TheT opkaphi arem:
a forbidden enclave
by Ctr'0/Mf/Mf<t
____
49
' NMVa: M/
AL-ANDALUS
: YUNUSE MRE
WHERE THREE WORLDS MET by 7<S aiHt alman
SINGULAR AND PLURAL:
"''W-
THE HERITAGE OF AL-ANDALUS
)'Kf7/if : e 15
UNESCOC OURIER
wus e 1Atra lte. oAa war INDEX t991
et a am, THE ROOTS OF COEXISTENCE
"awt tttm <MM) M) ttn ht < ? < ottMh byM : g « e/ CrKZ//o ? Mnz 20
dt 1, k i in th nt ot msn
THE RISE OF THE UMAYYAD DYNASTY
oasbuabAa., : IN SPAIN
"OMtt <)M MMh « M< MMOMtwtty
by J Derek Latham 24
, ; \W) MM thw peMtMt M « M) CMte
j<MMx<tttt t <tt he < eexM CORDOBA THE MAGNIFICENT
byP ierreG uichard 28
<tmMfM<. M)a wt<h<) M « <t<Mt
THE CHRISTIAN CONTRIBUTION
M), XMs) eMXl rO<lrt )f< teMoft t mmHsM<lt.<tdM& tl<t;m&eholtwr;.a)l <tM) meM< by Rosa Guerreiro 32
' ttMM MMe"*, th* aMM
\.'. ppMrsMsM.. ..:. n* f* *<f « a*ad< CONVERGENT STREAMS
oIt s manse f by Haim Zafrani 35
XteptM<&lt;t<tB « «) thty thM< ntMMt THE PURSUIT OF LEARNING
<tr<t<t t) Mt) M< « <t< <M) <Mt by t7 : ef 38
It and Cove: ru ntitled(1 00x 81c m),
Oasttatm t<oMryMat ttfteImt) otXrdM· *tww) M< ef 1988m, ixedte chniquoen
THE TOLEDO SCHOOL canvabsy t he Frencha rtist
ot tr r ir tl byM Krff ? ! t ! Bd ! f ! 40 IsabellGe range.
".''/"K"e. tMMiAt)ta MM. )t t8) «r H))) <;M t. '. Backc ove: ra rcheosf the
BORGESI N SEARCHO F AVERROES GreaMt osquien Cordoba
byR acbiSd abbaghi 42 (Spain).
3
""
Y
v<y, .J sc xa nr e n.. ,. r
ycDC/paw))))
a
E% ! N : 4'/9 *'*"' *'< /
'SSM ..'-
..: , .. 4 a ,, .,) IICtOr-ienail. 1'e1 8,
"MMtMe UNE, <t tHt of dteUN General ekcted Director-Genera ! in 1962. : :
S.'S.' :'" utgtht-tMNt'f... AMt. a'tt' in dte * TheIntenNtioodConventionfortheProtec-
tion of Pet&MmerPsr,o duceso f PhotMtgrmM
S : : % .-", :'''"''' !. S'".''-' <'aM &tr'poehd [pMtt of atdt and BroadeMtu Orgtnizations (the"Rome
ISM'. 'm' : - Coteation'isdMwnupjomdybyUNESCO,
: : S''.. SQ.. ', ; L. 'OjGMH<. :, M &Msic Aet the WotM Inte ! ! ectuat Propetty OrgmBatIon, ;
'. . IJW'-j'tH Prof. Pien-e (WIPO) andt he InternationaLla bourO rgani-
- : U.'JS-J.- ; \. r. & : : AW ; ' pabB jtO) M by the UN md sation (; ! LO). :' tle UN aad satioa( ILO).
ttl in 195t.
SX ths-taaamBem. of between UNICBF tnd UNESCO:., bepm,
e& ; \$. Botfly m prinMry md earty du;El ddhtoaol=d . edu- T Y P'Y
"'''MA MM S H ! gh Bwa s ! aaa<j PreMd ! <t a ceremony cation.
' :''Ssh M o<) tM<&amp;. <"-''* UNQO'hetdMBH, AadMdnm corn-N TheE rst Regiomd ConfereMe of Moinfcers
CSf/. SSx' j'-, \j" ; ; iB<e*, < EdtMttton M hetd at AddisA bebaB. etwee1n9 61
ana 1986, 24 suchc onferenceasre held (for
P"* ;' Sjtt 22 ittaetaad teaBt me moted, 40 technKat AMca ; Latin Americaa ndt he Caribbea; nth e
Aras State;s A siaa ndt he Pacifi;c a nd Europe).
; erM.,/OOBtri of gSfenunenB and other tCtef- An emergency pftramme ts launcheMd part
; S.. aaaoaat'MUtces, pubSe andpeaate, toMt $56 of UN actiont o maintaine ducationsae !r vices
'M ! -\-- :. inCongo-LeopoMviue (todayZaire). MoKd ! an'
&$t'S3M' .'.'.'. a hundred specialists ares enat ndh e ! ispp rovided
Se'MN ; St',"--. ; : ?"'''.""'for the recruitment of some8 00t eachers.
F
9
' N UNESCO sends a mission intoth e seismic
zoneosf AsiaS, outhA maia Africx,l eg
, ,. . ', . ;- : taber ; « t thcKsijsnattonof Vit-ouakest oa nthde o crthtioear naaft uar satlu hdayPr drosg.nmmoen u th-
'."'"''tonaeemtmeheahhreasoas. ReneMaheu t) UNESCO estaMishes in Romet he Intema-
A. aec 7't ; onat Computation Centre (ICC) later to
becom1eAs A! Wf tCuiyi4, INl7f1 ilf '.' :: l1111 the InMrgovemmentalBuKau of Imbr-
matics(I BI).
y'.` ;p *',. ; '°r.4 . '. 3 . '' " 8 MIMIMM uuTTCCsshh(( iieeccI1aaS 5ULrrO0TeeNLLl NaPPEuEssSrrn SeeCcllCeehOOaaeC:tC isdiido nnooe bbn lldlrlcyyseeo o 11 cclll99 tlaai88obb66noo))sTTootr..ria o.ooff tnddTTio aarrnwwaayptt hhdd ii tteeiihhttCCii ootthhoonneelaa-lt
F,. . . " t. *''` lkecctticioansshh aavveebh eeeenniiss ssuueeoodctnn S50Occ oommppacxcdd t iissccss..
y
, w In . oaon with theU ited NationsS po-
c W[ F und,Up NESCOb ècinsaa ciotino noQ na pp rroojjeeccttss
(teachas
4F _Y 35, Afix) x wbicht ho> ef WIll
r ·, PV"9 4-i'r"., bOeCt 1r a.ùiecL
r , f
n x ic
MMWB
.
'
. :/MM'tMMt)
'M<B! M .< 9WWM<&lt; :''.':\ ;; :'. ;
.
ttMN'tts
..
!! t
--nH
f ! '
:'. aB
' :".
''wNr's MR
S-' :'-'MB ". <_'
!
! !.. ty'L'n .... z..''Ii 'i lr°; '-',.a :r .. .. -: r,,'.3 ^t.t, E:;p .' LAd ,,rz. J.,,.` .. ..::,. . r° _a, ta. , 4l: 't. wF.,fS I Y. x' .m..S1a. ,1,._.e :i . ; .>,.., ., .-r hvf."p :a-# ,
y a..
. Y. . a. 4 g ! $.f,, . . ``°%.h.i. Wt
Y'a. G. i. _>. .1 .
1. . =^Xt S
:. y. i :
y -rt'. 1 w ,; .t . *s. <": a tr Y .,
.. x`
;
r i'.,. a.f yt /,tt, ,, 'e.. Y t 4 :^;s j·
ma #
.'r t,
'. . e ,'..-. #, ... `,. ·. >
rc^^F . `'t'i 'Sd 3 ..7 , * f7 y!! '' yy, .' y, y yfy'm 1 ! W '
v. < Dh r Y:.t 9 d xy 5"i. :: . lilL 11w'1 1lL 1,. r: =......
YP
Y `

.-. t., , . 'o c,- ,. ;''·et.. x.. : y. 3 .. °
s-v...
r .a h ° 3 R.
.., . `.. · > " : ": ,. ; · r:.. ....'..
a'` . f, t.= 'r , rv : y .: . `.` ;> s3 ..,. ., :"i , ·G..
: o2.-` "t c , $.3 ; t''- L " : r,'. '' ,, 1 Illui` .
_. TA14;-. .. ·. ` lGli'.....
:y'I,H, ,-,i QC ..
'Y''f
· " ="i.' . r y", ( R., L . Y`, k · r: ._-
*: .
` " · :g 1 oe :
"` , t
t , ta'rtad
: . L.,z:. - k"`; - . :xb '' ' 5,,o - ., i' .'xl. C ..
r. u , L
S' u"v ', ,. . `
y5:) `hd. .w a 1...'-v .. :
'iRm;"r , Y -`n.l dt. .
Y'># : _. 1
.',''£m$x', 4.f.4 r l 5 a `. i_y " kS >. ht . .h,. NS,. 3;
IY!f( .
WZ..S ^
r x-,f
'-r
n sk'h,. ;,
e`m ^r h"*f ", , , y: : r', " ..
` -' yr'. ^.. »j '
.-n
...a ... " ";r . .
. , : 4.v' ', .. : ,', °
,r i' # , , S .. ., ; nd
i''` " 's , t;' r M ;, y' f r ;s , 4` r a,..
,
< fiyyY4 f <
,V, '.,!5W. .. 4,,,,/tir 3`'.
c?T
d.' h ! , "'-s1 Z;, ,f _.,
·.Y- 'W ';'a..:,' r4 n,.'.,-.. r_s,"! 'K f= ·s, · i....
... _ y".> iT?aa. . a? , k ut . ;y .

Stage and screen actress, deputy and minister, Youw ere very young when you first
Melina Mercouri has had an eventful career which has been became interested in the theatre. Tell us some-
crowned ...w..i th success m many fe-Mt s . j A OstKafn fdca crdto-Dr' e! aCrMer' / f . W, % < ! f GrfCK
of liberty at the time-of the co/oneh'reg/me, she is think about the stage ?
regarded with affection by the Greek people, for whom-My familyh as been involved in politics for
generationMs. y grandfathewr, hoa doredm e
an..d., ,w.. h<o tm-n
I adoredw, asm ayoro f Athensf or
more than twenty years.T he housew as
alwaysf ull, for at that time the mayor of
Athens powerful minister,m aybe
wasa s asa
evenm ores o.T hatw ast heatrefo r me.I had
a stagea, na udiencpea, rtnersd, ialoguess,o me-
timese ven longt irades.
8
MEDNA MERCOUR)
tatksto
Bahgat E ! na (t ! an () A (te !R ifaat
escapfero m the housea ndg oo ff with af riend N things were as you describe them, how
to the cinemao r to a cafet o listent o music. did yous eta bout0 'ucrcom ! ? ! f osfc/es*'
Oncew e gotd resseudp i n our mothers'finery-I got marrieda t seventee! nT o a wealthy
and went to a sailors'tavern,w here they aristocratw ho had studieda t Cambridge
servedte aa ndp layedm usicI.n all innocence, University.P olitically he wasc onservative,
we got up and dancedW. e just enjoyedp er-not to sayr eactionaryb, ut heh ade xtremely
forming, putting on a show and being liberali deaso n the role of women.H e didn't
applaudeMd.y mothers oonp ut ane ndt o that try to turn me into a submissivwe ife. He
little adventureA. womanw ho had seenu s didn't evenm akem e take his name,a sw as
tippedh ero ff, ands hec amelo okingf or me. normala tt he time.I stayedM elinaM ercouri,
Sheto ok meb ackh omea nds everelpyu nished for him andf or everyoneh e introducedm e
me.N everm ind. I hadm adem y decisionI. to. Thai'sh ow I brokef reef rom my family
wantedto goo nt he stageI. w anteda pplaus! e andh ow I wasa blet o studya ndp reparefo r
Obviouslym, y parentsd idn'ts eeth ingsI n the thea uditionth atw ouldg etm ei ntot heD rama
samew ay. Schoolo f the National Theatreo f Greece.
N Whnyo? t Watshl iefe of an actoorr actress · Then came the war and the Occupation.
considereddi sreputable ? Could you describe what it was like ? Or is
- No. But for the Athenianu pperm iddle it something you prefneor t to talk about ?
classto which I belongedI,t wasn'td onet o-Why shouldnI't talk abouitt ?W e hadt hree
go on the boardse, vent o play ah eroineo f yearso f OccupationI .s aws wollenb elliesa nd
. Wereth erew omenin politics at that time ?Sophocleosr EuripidesW. hat'sm ore,t here peopled ying of hungerI. sawc artsg oingb y
- No. Politicsw asf or men.B ut whenI was wasn o securityin the artist'sl ife. One day with the corpseosf mena ndw omenp iledu p
a child,I oftenu sedto imaginew hati t would you couldb e rolling in moneya ndt he next on theml ike carcasseosf c attle.I sawp eople
bel ike to beI n my grandfathers'sh oesP. olitics you could bes tarvingF. or childreno f good living from day to day, not knowingw hat
didn't enter into it, I understoodn othing family, the theatrew asr isky, tomorrow wouldb ring.I sawt he continual
aboutt hat.W hatm atteredw ast he dramat,h e I don't think my parentst houghtt here uncertainty drive somet o heroic acts of
speeches... andt he audience. was anything dishonourablea bout acting, resistancea nd others to collaboration.
Sot he theatrew asa part of me from my They would haveh ad no objectioni f they Nobody in my family collaboratewd ith the
earlyy ears.A nd then my grandfatheor ften could haveb eenc ertaint hat I would be a enemy.M y youngerb rother was in the
took mew ith him to seep lays.I felt at home succe!s Tsh eyw ereb ehindm et hroughoumt y ResistancNe.o t me.I t's the onet hingI really
there,e vent houghI couldn'tf ollow thep lots. politicala nda rtisticc areerI.t wouldc ertainly regretB. ut it wasn'tt hroughl acko f courage
In somew aysi t wasl ike beinga t home. haveb eent he samew ith my grandfatherif, or fearo f death.
Even when I was very young,I was a heh adn'td onem et he dirty trick of dyingi n One day I was in a tavernw ith three
rebel.W hen I was seveno r eight I usedt o the meantime, friendsw hent hreeS Sm ene nteredT.h eyw ere
9
A scenefr omT opka(p1i 964)d, irectebdy J ules
DassinIn. foregrounMda, ximiliaSnc hell,
'Melina MercourPi,e teUr stinoavn dR oberMt orley.
1
t sf
',4 si
y
t
/, .· AArree aauuddiieenncceeddssii ffffeerreenntt,,oo rr iiss tthheerreerr eeaallllyy
oonnllyy oonneeaa uuddiieenncc??ee
.-Audie-n ceAsu diencesaa rree ddiiffffeerreenntt.. IInn EEnnggllaanndd,,
America,e venF rance,a udienceasr e often
readyf or the fray ass oona st hey'veg ot their
tickets; they're expectingto take part in a
bbrraawwll..II nn GGrreeeecceetthh eeyy''rreecc oollddeerr..YY oouu hhaavveettoo
work hardt o win themo ver,t o warmt hem
up, get them to react,t ake part.
deadd runk.T heya skedu st o sit at theirt able. talk to me.A t lengtha ndt irelesslyH. e talked * Z. so fc r/M or < ! n c
Whenw e didn't move,o neo f themd rew a to mea boutG reekt ragedya, boutI ts poetry, audience has been conquered. Who does it
revolver.M y three friendsg ot up then and the tradition,t he significanciet had for the applaud : MMfrcoKn, o ?' ; Mp<H
went overt o join them.I don't know what Greekp eopleE. ventuallyh e convincedm e. played ? Does each character have its own
got into meb ecausme y headw ase mpty,b ut He madeth eatrea religionf or me.T hati sn o reality, its own messoarg ies,i t reallya lways
I didn't move.T he SSm anw asf urious,h e exaggerati;o tnh ere wass omethingre ligious Melina who is in control ?
kept on at me. He pointed the pistol and aboutm y devotionto Greekt ragedyB. ack-Melina isa lwaysth eren, aturallyb, utt o give
startedc ounting. " Einz,w ei,d rei...."I still home,I would rehearsMe arguerite'ms ono-birth to a role createdb y someonee lse,a
didn't moveI. wasn'ts caredH. e fired,a ndt he logueo n my kneesI. rehearseidt so many charactefro r whom shei s only a surrogate
glassin front of me shatteredN. ow I was timest hat I wore out the carpet. motherA. t everyp erformanceM, elinag ives
furious, and I got up and starteds houting What couldt he SSd o againsMt edeao r birth. Now, therea res omep eoplew ho talk
insults at him. I neverc onsideredth at he Antigone? T hanksto them,I movedth rough down the role of the surrogatem other.
mightk eepo nf iring.I wasn'tth inkingo f any-the war like a sleepwalkeWr. ithout getting They'rew rong.T heb abyM elinab ringsfo rth
thing. Then the military policea rriveda nd into psychoanalysIi sth, ink you havet o look for thea udienchea sb eenin her gutsa ftera ll.
draggedh im out of the tavern, to my loveo f thet heatrefo r oneo f thee ssen-It's no longert he exclusivep ropertyo f the
I didn't know whatf earw as.E vens o,I tial keyst o my behaviour, author, any more than it's exclusively
didn't join the ResistancWe.h enI think about Melina'sI.t hasa life, a reality of its own.I t's
it now, I wonderI f the main reasonw asn't N Fo « <M yoMr careero n the stageju st incrediblew, hat I'm sayingb, ut that'sw hat
my burning ambition to be an actres! sA t after the war. What does playing a role happensA. nd it's wonderful.
dramas chooflr om two till sixe veryd ay,t he involve for you ? Wgoheast through your It's all the moreo utrageoubse causteh e
outsidew orld ceasetdo exist.T herew asn o headw hen yoK'rcp erforming a part that directoris alsom ixedu pi n this procesosf no
more Occupation,n o more Germans,n o someoneel seh aws? ri tten longerk nowingw ho is who. Thed irectori s
more Melina even.T here was only Mar--It's when I'm rehearsingth at the most a go-betweeAn.n d a goodd irectorw ill know
gueriteO, phelial,a LocandieraE,l ectraA. nd importantth ingsh appenIt.' s duringr ehearsals how to maket he actorp art of a wholec orn-
thent herew ast hes ublimeD imitrisR ondiris, that the characterw, ho asy ou sayh asb een pany on stageW. ithout that, evena n actor
our teacherH. e demandefdro m usa c ommit-created by someoneel seb, ecomeasl ivei n me who is a geniusw ill endu p like a meteorite,
mentt o the theatrea st otal ash is own. His andt hroughm e.A ctorsc arryt heirr olesin side losti n too muchs paceIn. thet heatreit 's team-
Oresteia remains the greatestt heatrical them,j ust asp regnanwt omenc arry babies. work that worksw onders.
experiencoef my life. You canf eeli t physicallyl,i ke a pregnancy.
It wasR ondirisw hot aughtm et o control It's a very sensuael xperienceIt.'s that gesta-N W% crc o c !' ? ! cm< ! !'n fo < !//1 Ws
andm odulatem y voice.H e usedt o sayt hat tion thatc onstituteths ec reativpea rto f acting. it part of your adolescent dreams ?
I wasm adefo r tragedyI. wasq uitep repared Later,w heny ou confrontt he audienceit,' s-It certainlyw as! Mind you, in the early
to admitt hat Electraw ast he greatesrto le an morel ike bullfightingY. ou haveto kill them, 1950sG, reekc inemao nly wanteda ctressteos
actrescso uldp lay,b ut evens o I usedt o beg of courseb, ut the instrumentsa re already playy oungi nnocentsA. bovea ))t hey hadt o
him, sometimews ith tearsi n my eyes,t o there. You've prepared them during haveb ig eyesa ndt iny little mouths.I wasn't
admitt hat I wasn'tE lectra! T hen he would rehearsals, built for the job.I wast oo biga ndm y mouth
10