Aircraft Aerodynamic. Design Geometry and Optimization

265 Pages·2014·8.202 MB·English

by  Andras Sobester, Alexander I J Forrester

András Sóbester
Alexander I J Forrester
Aircraft Aerodynamic Design
Geometry and
Optimization
Aerospace Series
Editors Peter Belobaba, Jonathan Cooper
and Allan Seabridge

AIRCRAFT
AERODYNAMIC
DESIGN
Aerospace Series List
AircraftAerodynamicDesign:GeometryandOptimization So´besterand October2014
Forrester
TheoreticalandComputationalAerodynamics Sengupta September2014
AerospacePropulsion Lee October2013
AircraftFlightDynamicsandControl Durham August2013
CivilAvionicsSystems,SecondEdition Moir,Seabridge August2013
andJukes
ModellingandManagingAirportPerformance Zografos, July2013
Andreattaand
Odoni
AdvancedAircraftDesign:ConceptualDesign,Analysisand Torenbeek June2013
OptimizationofSubsonicCivilAirplanes
DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures:With Kassapoglou April2013
ApplicationstoAerospaceStructures,SecondEdition
AircraftSystemsIntegrationofAir-LaunchedWeapons Rigby April2013
DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems,SecondEdition MoirandSeabridge November2012
UnderstandingAerodynamics:ArguingfromtheRealPhysics McLean November2012
AircraftDesign:ASystemsEngineeringApproach Sadraey October2012
IntroductiontoUAVSystems,FourthEdition Fahlstromand August2012
Gleason
TheoryofLift:IntroductoryComputationalAerodynamics McBain August2012
withMATLABandOctave
SenseandAvoidinUAS:ResearchandApplications Angelov April2012
MorphingAerospaceVehiclesandStructures Valasek April2012
GasTurbinePropulsionSystems MacIsaacand July2011
Langton
BasicHelicopterAerodynamics,ThirdEdition Seddonand July2011
Newman
AdvancedControlofAircraft,SpacecraftandRockets Tewari July2011
CooperativePathPlanningofUnmannedAerialVehicles Tsourdosetal November2010
PrinciplesofFlightforPilots Swatton October2010
AirTravelandHealth:ASystemsPerspective Seabridgeetal September2010
DesignandAnalysisofCompositeStructures:With Kassapoglou September2010
applicationstoaerospaceStructures
UnmannedAircraftSystems:UAVSDesign,Developmentand Austin April2010
Deployment
IntroductiontoAntennaPlacementandInstallations Macnamara April2010
PrinciplesofFlightSimulation Allerton October2009
AircraftFuelSystems Langtonetal May2009
TheGlobalAirlineIndustry Belobaba April2009
ComputationalModellingandSimulationofAircraftandthe Diston April2009
Environment:Volume1–PlatformKinematicsandSynthetic
Environment
HandbookofSpaceTechnology Ley,Wittmannand April2009
Hallmann
AircraftPerformanceTheoryandPracticeforPilots Swatton August2008
AircraftSystems,ThirdEdition MoirandSeabridge March2008
IntroductiontoAircraftAeroelasticityandLoads WrightandCooper December2007
StabilityandControlofAircraftSystems Langton September2006
MilitaryAvionicsSystems MoirandSeabridge February2006
DesignandDevelopmentofAircraftSystems MoirandSeabridge June2004
AircraftLoadingandStructuralLayout Howe May2004
AircraftDisplaySystems Jukes December2003
CivilAvionicsSystems MoirandSeabridge December2002

AIRCRAFT
AERODYNAMIC
DESIGN
GEOMETRY AND OPTIMIZATION
Andra´sSo´besterandAlexanderIJForrester
FacultyofEngineeringandtheEnvironment,UniversityofSouthampton,UK
Thiseditionfirstpublished2015
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
So´bester,Andra´s.
Aircraftaerodynamicdesign:geometryandoptimization/Andra´sSo´bester,AlexanderForrester.
pagescm–(Aerospaceseries)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-66257-1(hardback)
1.Airframes. 2.Aerodynamics. I.Forrester,AlexanderIJ. II.Title.
TL671.6.S582014
629.134′1–dc23
2014026821
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:9780470662571
Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
1 2015
Contents
SeriesPreface xi
Preface xiii
1 Prologue 1
2 GeometryParameterization:PhilosophyandPractice 7
2.1 ASenseofScale 7
2.1.1 SeparatingShapeandScale 7
2.1.2 NondimensionalCoefficients 9
2.2 ParametricGeometries 11
2.2.1 Pre-OptimizationChecks 13
2.3 WhatMakesaGoodParametricGeometry:ThreeCriteria 15
2.3.1 Conciseness 15
2.3.2 Robustness 16
2.3.3 Flexibility 16
2.4 AParametricFuselage:ACaseStudyintheTrade-Offsof
GeometryOptimization 18
2.4.1 ParametricCross-Sections 18
2.4.2 FuselageCross-SectionOptimization:AnIllustrativeExample 22
2.4.3 AParametricThree-DimensionalFuselage 27
2.5 AGeneralObservationontheNatureofFixed-WingAircraftGeometry
Modelling 29
2.6 NecessaryFlexibility 30
2.7 ThePlaceofaParametricGeometryintheDesignProcess 31
2.7.1 Optimization:AHierarchyofObjectiveFunctions 31
2.7.2 CompetingObjectives 32
2.7.3 OptimizationMethodSelection 35
2.7.4 InverseDesign 37
3 Curves 41
3.1 ConicsandBe´zierCurves 41
3.1.1 ProjectiveGeometryConstructionofConics 42
3.1.2 ParametricBernsteinConic 43
viii Contents
3.1.3 RationalConicsandBe´zierCurves 49
3.1.4 PropertiesofBe´zierCurves 50
3.2 Be´zierSplines 51
3.3 Ferguson’sSpline 52
3.4 B-Splines 57
3.5 Knots 59
3.6 NonuniformRationalBasisSplines 60
3.7 ImplementationinRhino 64
3.8 CurvesforOptimization 65
4 Surfaces 67
4.1 Lofted,TranslatedandCoonsSurfaces 67
4.2 Be´zierSurfaces 69
4.3 B-SplineandNonuniformRationalBasisSplineSurfaces 74
4.4 Free-FormDeformation 76
4.5 ImplementationinRhino 82
4.5.1 NonuniformRationalBasisSplines-BasedSurfaces 82
4.5.2 Free-FormDeformation 82
4.6 SurfacesforOptimization 84
5 AerofoilEngineering:Fundamentals 91
5.1 Definitions,Conventions,Taxonomy,Description 91
5.2 A‘Non-Taxonomy’ofAerofoils 92
5.2.1 Low-SpeedAerofoils 93
5.2.2 SubsonicAerofoils 93
5.2.3 TransonicAerofoils 93
5.2.4 SupersonicAerofoils 94
5.2.5 NaturalLaminarFlowAerofoils 94
5.2.6 Multi-ElementAerofoils 95
5.2.7 MorphingandFlexibleAerofoils 98
5.3 LegacyversusCustom-DesignedAerofoils 98
5.4 UsingLegacyAerofoilDefinitions 99
5.5 HandlingLegacyAerofoils:APracticalPrimer 101
5.6 AerofoilFamiliesversusParametricAerofoils 102
6 FamiliesofLegacyAerofoils 103
6.1 TheNACAFour-DigitSection 103
6.1.1 AOne-VariableThicknessDistribution 104
6.1.2 ATwo-VariableCamberCurve 105
6.1.3 BuildingtheAerofoil 105
6.1.4 Nomenclature 106
6.1.5 ADrawbackandTwoFixes 107
6.1.6 TheDistributionofPoints:SamplingDensityVariationsandCusps 107
6.1.7 AMATLAB® Implementation 109
6.1.8 AnOpenNURBS/Rhino-PythonImplementation 111
6.1.9 Applications 112