Airborne particulate matter: sources, atmospheric processes and health

406 Pages·2016·9.336 MB·English

by  R M Harrison, R E Hester, Xavier Querol, Xavier Querol, Mark Guevara Vilardell, Neil Donahue, Judy Chow, Philip Hopke, Edward Roekens, Mei Zheng, Mukesh Khare, Frank Kelly

Airborne Particulate Matter
Sources, Atmospheric Processes and Health
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ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SERIESEDITORS:
ProfessorR.E.Hester,UniversityofYork,UK
ProfessorR.M.Harrison,UniversityofBirmingham,UK
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8 Professor P. Crutzen, Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Chemie, Germany, Professor S. J. de Mora,
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26 PlymouthMarineLaboratory,UK,DrG.Eduljee,SITA,UK,ProfessorL.Heathwaite,Lancaster
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2 University, UK, Professor S. Holgate, University of Southampton, UK, Professor P. K. Hopke,
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17 ClarksonUniversity,USA,ProfessorP.Leinster,EnvironmentAgency,UK,ProfessorP.S.Liss,
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7 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK, Professor D. Mackay, Trent
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9/ University,Canada,ProfessorA.Proctor,FoodScienceDepartment,UniversityofArkansas,USA,
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10 DrD.Taylor,WCAEnvironmentalLtd,UK.
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ofRenewableEnergySources 42:AirborneParticulateMatter
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ISSUES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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Preface
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2 Airborne particulate matter has been a highly topical subject for the past
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1 20 years or so, although it has been a problem pollutant for very much
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9 longer. Historical records of problems with coal smoke pollution go back
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03 manycenturies,butthefirstgoodquantitativerecordsdatebacktotheearly
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0. 20th centurywhen itwas measuredas ‘‘black smoke’’. Anepisode ofsevere
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oi: pollutionbyblacksmokeandsulfurdioxideinDecember1952isbelievedto
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c. able events occurred in other parts of the world. The recognised toxicity
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s.r of black smoke and sulfur dioxide led to the development of mitigation
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p:// that it was felt that there were no significant remaining effects on public
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n health arisingfrom thesepollutants inmost developedcountries.However,
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6 the application of more advanced epidemiological methods in the 1990s
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2 demonstratedthatsignificantpublichealthimpactsofexposuretoairborne
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26 North America and Europe and, by implication, in other parts of the world.
on Whilst most aspects of local air quality continued to improve in developed
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bli economies rapidly, with an accompanying substantial increase in the con-
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centrationofairborneparticles.Asaresult,theWorldHealthOrganisation’s
GlobalBurdenofDiseaseProjectranksexposuretooutdoorparticlesasthe
ninth largest preventable cause of disease in the global population.
This volume of the Issues series addresses airborne particulate matter
from a global perspective. The first chapter, by Marc Guevara of the
Barcelona Supercomputing Centre, gives quantitative information on the
sources of particle emissions in a European context. Not only are particles
emitted directly into the atmosphere, but they also form within the atmos-
pherefromtheoxidationofgasesandundergochemicaltransformationsin
theatmosphere.Thelattersecondaryfractiontypicallymakesthedominant
contribution to PM concentrations. In the second chapter, Neil Donahue
2.5
of Carnegie Mellon University and co-authors pose the question: What are
IssuesinEnvironmentalScienceandTechnologyNo.42
AirborneParticulateMatter:Sources,AtmosphericProcessesandHealth
EditedbyR.E.Hester,R.M.HarrisonandX.Querol
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2016
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
v
View Online
vi Preface
the sources of particles? Their focus is on the secondary particles that are
formed within the atmosphereand how the sources affect human exposure
to airborne particles, both by mass and by number.
Oneofthekeyadvancesinthepast20yearshasbeenthedevelopmentof
receptor modelling methods that take air quality data and use it to provide
05 estimates of the quantitative contribution of different sources to measured
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P concentrations. In the third chapter, John Watson and Judy Chow of the
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89- Desert Research Institute, Nevada, outline the principles of these methods,
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26 and in the fourth chapter, Philip Hopke of Clarkson University, New York
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82 State, provides further insights into methods and gives some case studies
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81 from North America. The following two chapters take data from two major
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9/9 European experimentalstudiesto providecasestudiesof the application of
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0 receptor modelling methods to source apportionment. In doing so, they
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10. give powerful insights into the sources of particles in European cities. The
oi: AIRUSE LIFEþ team led by Xavier Querol of the Consejo Superior de
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g | Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC) describes a study of cities in southern
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c. Europe.ThisiscomplementedbyastudyfromnorthernEurope(theJoaquin
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s.r Project)ledbyEdwardRoekensoftheFlandersEnvironmentAgency,which
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http:// The subsequent two chapters provide insights into the apportionment of
on PM2.5(fineparticles)andparticulatematterofvarioussizefractionsintwoof
6 the world’s hotspots. In Chapter 7, Mei Zheng and colleagues from Peking
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2 UniversityconsiderthesourceapportionmentofPM withinChina,andin
y 2.5
ul Chapter 8, Mukesh Khare and Isha Khanna of the Indian Institute of
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26 Technology, Delhi, review case studies of source apportionment from the
on Indian sub-continent.
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he No such volume would be complete without also considering the adverse
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bli health effects ofairborne particles.Consequently,inChapter9, Frank Kelly
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ofKingsCollege,London,reportsonthehealtheffectsofairborneparticles
and how these relate to their composition, size and source.
Wearedelighted tohaveengagedsuch adistinguishedgroup ofauthors,
including several world leaders in their respective fields, to provide a truly
authoritative and up-to-date volume describing many of the key aspects of
airborne particulate matter. We believe that this will prove to be of wide-
spread interest and be of great value to a range of communities, including
policymakers, physical and life scientists, and students taking advanced
courses in a range of environmental and health-related fields.
Ronald E. Hester
Roy M. Harrison
Xavier Querol
Contents
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2 Editors xiii
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0. Emissions of Primary Particulate Matter 1
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ed 4 Speciation 15
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6 Long-term Trends in Europe 20
7 Regulations and Mitigation Measures 23
7.1 Eco-design Directive 23
7.2 Diesel Vehicle Emission Standards
and Abatement Technologies 24
7.3 Urban Access Regulations 25
7.4 MARPOL Convention 25
References 26
IssuesinEnvironmentalScienceandTechnologyNo.42
AirborneParticulateMatter:Sources,AtmosphericProcessesandHealth
EditedbyR.E.Hester,R.M.HarrisonandX.Querol
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2016
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
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viii Contents
Where Did This Particle Come From? Sources of
Particle Number and Mass for Human Exposure Estimates 35
Neil M. Donahue, Laura N. Posner, Daniel M. Westervelt, Zhongju Li,
Manish Shrivastava, Albert A. Presto, Ryan C. Sullivan, Peter J. Adams,
Spyros N. Pandis and Allen L. Robinson
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F 1 Introduction 35
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2 3 Particle Mass Concentrations 40
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References 119
Case Studies of Source Apportionment from North America 126
Philip K. Hopke
1 Introduction 127
2 Historic Development 128
3 Applications 131
3.1 Chemical Mass Balance 131
3.2 Unmix 139
3.3 Positive Matrix Factorization 139
4 Advanced Model Applications 146
4.1 Constrained Models 146
4.2 Multiple Sample Type Data 147
4.3 Time Synchronization Model 149
4.4 Spatially Distributed Data 150
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Contents ix
4.5 Mixed Way Data 150
4.6 Size–Composition–Time Data 153
5 Summary 155
References 156
07 Case Studies of Source Apportionment and Suggested Measures at
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FP Southern European Cities 168
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8 F. Amato, F. Lucarelli, S. Nava, G. Calzolai, A. Karanasiou, C. Colombi,
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62 V.L.Gianelle,C.Alves,D.Custo´dio,K.Eleftheriadis,E.Diapouli,C.Reche,
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78 A. Alastuey, M. C. Minguillo´n, M. Severi, S. Becagli, T. Nunes,
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7 M. Cerqueira, C. Pio, M. Manousakas, T. Maggos, S. Vratolis,
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PM Source Apportionment in Five North Western
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European Cities—Outcome of the Joaquin Project 264
Dennis Mooibroek, Jeroen Staelens, Rebecca Cordell, Pavlos Panteliadis,
Tiphaine Delaunay, Ernie Weijers, Jordy Vercauteren, Ronald
Hoogerbrugge, Marieke Dijkema, Paul S. Monks and Edward Roekens
1 Introduction 265
2 Site Description and Chemical Characterisation of PM 266
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2.1 Sites 266
2.2 PM Sampling and Gravimetric Analysis 267
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2.3 Chemical Analysis 267
3 Source Apportionment Using Positive Matrix Factorization 268
3.1 Data Preparation and Uncertainty Matrix 268
3.2 Positive Matrix Factorization 269
4 Results and Discussion 271
4.1 PM Mass Concentrations 271
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4.2 IdentificationandTemporalVariationoftheCalculatedFactors 272
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x Contents
4.3 Spatial Variation of the Source Profiles 277
4.4 Wind-directional and Trajectory Analysis of the
Source Profiles 281
4.5 Source Profiles on Days Exceeding the Daily Limit Value 285
4.6 Estimated Uncertainty of the PMF Analysis 287
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178 PM2.5 Source Apportionment in China 293
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Case Studies of Source Apportionment from the Indian Sub-continent 315
Mukesh Khare and Isha Khanna
1 Introduction 315
2 Source Signatures from Indian Sub-continent 320
3 Case Studies from the Indian Sub-continent 322
3.1 India 322
3.2 Pakistan 325
3.3 Bangladesh 329
3.4 Nepal 332
3.5 Sri Lanka 335
3.6 Bhutan 335
3.7 The Maldives 335
4 Concluding Remarks 336
Acknowledgements 338
References 338