Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application IV

803 Pages·1985·25.193 MB·English

by  Øystein Hov (auth.), C. De Wispelaere (eds.)

Air Pollution
Modeling and Its
Application IV
NATO • Challenges of Modern Society
A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contem
porary problems facing our society, a~sembled in cooperation with NATO
Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society.
Volume 1 AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION I
Edited by C. De Wispelaere
Volume 2 AIR POLLUTION: Assessment Methodology and Modeling
Edited by Erich Weber
Volume:3 AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION II
Edited by C. De Wispelaere
Volume 4 HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
Edited by John P. Lehman
Volume 5 AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION III
Edited by C. De Wispelaere
Volume 6 REMOTE SENSING FOR THE CONTROL OF MARINE POLLUTION
Edited by Jean-Marie Massin
Volume 7 AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION IV
Edited by C. De Wispelaere
Air Pollution
Modeling and Its
Application IV
Edited by
C. De Wispelaere
Prime Minister's Office for Science Policy
Brussels, Belgium
Published in cooperation with
NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Applica
tion (14th: 1983: Copenhagen, Denmark)
Air pollution modeling and its application IV.
(NATO challenges of modern society; v. 7)
"Proceedings of the Fourteenth [nternational Technical Meeting on Air
Pollution Modeling and Its Application, held September 27-30, 1983 in
Copenhagen, Denmark" -T.p. verso.
[ncludes bibliographies and index.
1. Atmospheric diffusion-Mathematical models-Congresses. 2. Air
Pollution - Meteorological aspects-Mathematical models-Congresses. I.
Wispelaere, C. de. II. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Committee on the
Challenges of Modern Society. III. Title. [V. Series.
QC880.4.D44[57 1983 628.5'3'0724 84-26352
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9491-7 e-lSBN-13: 978-1-4613-2455-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2455-3
Proceedings of the Fourteenth [nternational Technical Meeting on
Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, held September 27-30, 1983,
in Copenhagen, Denmark
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1985
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
In 1969 the North Atlantic Treaty Organization established
the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society. Air Pollution
was from the start one of the priority problems under study within
the framework of the pilot studies undertaken by this Committee.
The organization of a yearly symposium dealing with air pollution
modeling and its application is one of the main activities within
the pilot study in relation to air pollution.
After being organized for five years by the United States
and for five years by the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium,
represented by the Prime Minister's Office for science Policy,
became responsible in 1980 for the organization of this symposium.
This volume contains the papers presented at the 14th Inter
national Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and its Appli
cation held in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 27th to 30th September
1983. This meeting was jointly organized by the Prime Minister's
Office for Science Policy, Belgium, and the National Agency of
Environmental Protection, Air Pollution Laboratory, Ris~ National
Laboratory, Denmark. The conference was attended by 103 partici
pants and 43 papers have been presented. The members of the se
lection committee of the 14th I.T.M. were A. Berger (Chairman,
Belgium), W. Klug (Federal Republic of Germany), K. Demerjian
(United States of America), L. Santomauro (Italy), R. Van Dop (The
Netherlands), R.E. Turner (Canada), C. De Wispelaere (Coordinator,
Belgium).
The main topic of this 14th I.T.M. was Parametrization of
Transformation and Removal Processes in Air Quality Modeling. On
this topic a review paper was presented by 0. Rov (Norwegian In
stitute for Air Research). Other topics of the conference were:
Coastal Meteorology related to Air Pollution Modeling, Lagrangian
Modeling for Synoptic Range Transport, Atmospheric Experiments per
tinent to Air Quality Modeling, Practical Applications of Air
Quality Modeling.
v
vi PREFACE
U. Peching (Department Meterology, San Jose State
University, California, U.S.A.) and F.L. Ludwig (SRI International,
Menlo Park, U.S.A.) presented a review paper as an introduction to
the topic on Costal Meteorology related to Air Pollution Modeling
Dr. J. Knox (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California,
U.S.A.) gave a review on the topic Lagrangian Modeling for
Synoptic Range Transport.
On behalf of the selection committee and as organizer and
editor I should like to record my gratitude to all participants
who made the meeting so stimulating and the book possible. Among
them I particulary mention the chairmen and rapporteurs of the
different sessions. Thanks also to the local organizing committee,
chaired by Dr. J. Fenger. Thanks also to Mrs. J. Husted and P.
Sondergaard, who were the Conference Secretaries. Finally I have
the pleasure to record my thanks to Mrs. N. Desees and L. Mille
and Miss J. Bertrand for typing and to Mr. D. Poelman for preparing
the papers.
C. De Wispelaere
CONTENTS
PARAMETERIZATION OF TRANSFORMATION AND REMOVAL PROCES
SES IN AIR QUALITY MODELING
Aspects of parameterization of transformation
and removal processes in air quality modelling 3
0. Hov
An examination of linear parameterizations in a
statistical long-range transport model . 37
A. Venkatram and J. Pleim
A multi-layered, long-range transport, Lagrangian
trajectory model : comparison with fully
mixed single layer models . . • . . • . • • 51
H.T. Scholtz and B. Heisman
Analysis of acid deposition due to sulfer dioxide
emissions from Ohio . ••..•..• • 71
S. Mermall and A. Kumar
Development of an acid rain impact assessment model. • • .. 91
R. Yamartino, J. Pleim and W. Lung
Estimation of North American anthropogenic suI fer
deposition as a function of source/receptor
separation • . • . • . • • • . . • • • . . . 119
J. D. Shannon
Chemistry of sulfate and nitrate formation 129
C. Seigneur, P. Saxena and P.M. Roth
The use of field data in average wet deposition
de ling • . • • •••.•..•.•• 155
1llO
N. Sinik, E. Loncar and S. Vidic
vii
viii CONTENTS
Modeling of chemical transformations of SOx and NOx
in the polluted atmosphere - an overview of
approaches and current status • . • • • • • • 163
N• V. Gillani
Plume model for nitrogen oxides . • . • . • • • . . • • .. 193
C. Persson
Dry deposition of fine particles to city surfaces • • . •. 209
N.O. Jensen
COASTAL METEOROLOGY RELATED TO AIR POLLurION
MJDELING
A review of coastal zone meteorological processes
important to the modeling of air pollution • 225
r.L. Ludwig
Review of selected three-dimensional numerical
sea breeze models •.••.••••••• 259
U. Pechinger
Simulations of a tracer experiment in the 0resund
region ......... .... . 295
L. Enger, S.E. Gryning, E. Lyck and U. Hidemo
The shoreline environment atmospheric dispersion
experiment (Seadex) • • . . • . • • • • • • • • • . •. 311
W.B. Johnson, E.E. Uthe, C.R. Dickson, G. Start,
R.L. Coulter and R.A. Kornasiewicz
Dispersion conditions over land and water in a
coastal zone revealed by measurements at
two meteorological masts . • • . . . . . • • • • • .• 327
S.E. Larsen and S.-E. Gryning
Numerical simulation of coastal internal boundary
layer developments and a comparison with
simple models ...•.•..•.••... 343
A. Ghobadian, A.J.R. Goddard, A.D. Gosman and
W. Nixon
Application to the Belgian coast of a 2-dimensional
primitive equation model using a coordinate • 359
R. Gallee
Analysis of tetroon flights performed during the
pukk meso-scale experiment. • •••.• 375
S. Vogt and P. Thomas
CONTENTS ix
LAGRANGIAN MODELING FOR SYNOPTIC RANGE TRANSPORT
Long range transport of air pollutants on the
synoptic scale •••.•..•••••• 391
J.B. Knox
Sensitivity studies with a LRT model • . . • 425
D. Lavenu, S. Legouis and P. Bessemoulin
The green river ambient model assessment program 435
F.A. Schiermeier, A H. Huber, C.D. Whiteman
and K.J. Allwine
Application of a mesoscale lagrangian puff-model
to the measurements of S02-pollution transports
over Belgium . . • . . • • • • • . • . . . 453
G. Dumont, F. Vervliet, E. De Saeger and G. Verduyn
Testing a statistical long-range transport model on
European and North American observations . 471
B.E.A. Fisher and P.A. Clark
Analysis of episodes with high pollutant concentrations
in Berlin (West) using backward trajectories . • . 487
F. Wilcke and F.J. Ossing
ATMOSPHERIC EXPERIMENTS PERTINENT TO AIR QUALITY
MODELING
Atmospheric field experiments for evaluatin&
pollutant transport and dispersion in
complex terrain . • •• ••.. 507
P.H. Gudiksen, M.H. Dickerson, R. Lang and J.B. Knox
Regional-scale pollutant transport Studies in the
Northeastern United States • 529
J.F. Clarke, J.K.S. Ching, T.L. Clark and
N.C. Possiel
Instantaneous observations of plume dispersion in
the surface layer • . • • • • . . . . 549
T. Mikkelsen and R. Eckman
A literature study on tracer experiments for atmospheric
dispersion study . . . . . • . .• . • . • • . 571
B. Vanderborght and J.G. Kretzschmar
Downwind hazard distances for pollutants over
land and sea • • • • . . . . 585
A. Groll, W. aufm. Kampe and H. \.Jeber
x CONTENTS
Remote sensing of stability conditions during
severe fog episodes • • . • • . . • 601
G. Bonino, D. Anfossi, P. Bacci and A. Longhetto
Some preliminary results obtained using a recently
developed conditional tracer release system for
studying atmospheric dispersion • . • . . • . . 621
C.D. Jones
EPA MOdel development for stable plume impingement on
elevated terrain obstacles • • • . • . . . • 637
F.A. Schiermeier, T.F. Lavery, D.G. Strimaitis,
A. Venkatram, B.R. Greene and B.A. Egan
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF AIR QUALITY MODELING
Methodologies to validate multiple source madels :
an application to the 5th European campaign on
remote sensing techniques (Ghent, Belgium, 1981). 651
J.G. Kretzschmar, G. Cosemans and B. Vanderborght
Simulated pollutant transport over the Ghent
indus trial area •. •. • • . • 671
C. Cerutti, G. Clerici and S. Sandroni
A nonlinear programming search technique to
locate position and magnitude of the maximum
air quality impact from point sources • • • • 689
R.J. Barnett, G.E. Johnson and K.B. Schnell Jr.
An operational air pollution model • . 703
R. Berkowicz, J.H. Baerentsen, A.B. Jensen,
J.S. Markvorsen, L.B. Nielsen, H.R. Olesen
and L.P. Prahm
The relation of urban model performamce to stability' • • .• 721
D.B. Turner and J.S. Irwin
Simulation of transformation, buyoyancy and removal
processes by lagrangian particle methods . • . 733
P. Zannetti and N. Al-Madani
Wind-field and pollutant mass-flow simulation
over an urban area • • . . . . • • • . 745
G. Clerici, S. Sandroni and L. Santomauro
Particle simulation of dust transport and deposition
and comparison with conventional models . . . • 759
L. Janicke