Table Of ContentAGRONOMY
ALGORITHM
Algorithim (mathematics) helps in understanding the direct and indirect
relationship of plants that exist within it and other environmental factors. This
book helps to understand how yield is related to different growth parameters,
how growth is influenced by different environmental phenomenon, how best the
resources can be used for crop production etc. The numerical examples in the
book guide a student to coordinate the different parameters and understand the
subject of Agronomy well. This book is divided into thirteen chapters and covers
comprehensively the different agronomic aspects to understand the science of
mathematical Agronomy to meet the current and future challenges related to
cropping practices.
Dr. Neetu Sharma presently working as Associate Professor, Division of
Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-J, Chatha. She has experience of
more than 14 years of experience in teaching, research and extension.
Dr. B.C. Sharma presently working as Professor and Head, Division of Agronomy,
Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-J, Chatha. And a recipient of best teacher award
and innovative team award for his outstanding contributions in Agronomy and
has about 20 years of teaching experience out of 37 years of his active service.
Dr. Anil Kumar, presently working as Professor Division of Agronomy of Sher-e-
Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-
J) an ISWS Fellow graduated in Agriculture form the SKUAST-J&K, obtained his
M.Sc. in Agronomy from HPKV-Palampur and Ph.D. from PAU-Ludhiana.
Dr. Rakesh Kumar presently working as Assistant Professor, Division of
Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, SKUAST-J, Chatha. He has experience of more
than 8 years of experience in teaching, research and extension. He has to her
credit more than 15 research publications in national and international journals,
8 technical bulletin, 2 practical manual and 20 abstracts.
AGRONOMY
ALGORITHM
Neetu Sharma, B.C. Sharma, Anil Kumar
and Rakesh Kumar
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................xi
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................1
2. PLANT POPULATION................................................................................3
2.1 Plant Population in Uniform Plant Spacing ......................................3
2.2 Plant Population in Paired Row ........................................................6
EXERCISES.................................................................................................8
ANSWERS..................................................................................................9
3. SEED REQUIREMENT..............................................................................10
EXERCISES...............................................................................................21
ANSWERS................................................................................................24
4. EXPECTED YIELD....................................................................................25
EXERCISES...............................................................................................35
ANSWERS................................................................................................38
5. FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT...................................................................40
5.1. Fertilizer Rquirement with Staright Fertilizer ..................................42
5.2. Fertilizer Requirement with Complex Fertilizer.................................45
5.3. Fertilizer Requirement with Mixed Fertilizer....................................51
5.4. Fertilizer Recommendation In Terms of N, P and K........................55
EXERCISES...............................................................................................56
ANSWERS................................................................................................57
v
6. NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY......................59
6.1. Nutrient Uptake .................................................................................59
6.2. Nutrient use Efficiency......................................................................60
6.2.1. Agronomic Efficiency (AE) ...................................................60
6.2.2. Physiological Efficiency (PE).................................................61
6.2.3. Agro-physiological Efficiency (APE)....................................63
6.2.4. Apparent Recovery Efficiency (ARE)...................................64
6.2.5. Utilization Efficiency (UE)......................................................65
6.2.6. Nutrient Efficiency Ratio (NER).............................................66
6.2.7. Nutrient Increment Efficiency (NIE)......................................67
6.2.8. Partial Production Efficiency (PPE) ......................................68
6.2.9. Economic Nutrient Use Efficiency (ENUE) ...........................69
6.2.10. Nutrient harvest index (NHI).................................................70
6.2.11. Partial Nutrient Balance (PNB) or Nutrient Removal Ratio...70
EXERCISES........................................................................................71
ANSWERS.........................................................................................72
7. WEED CONTROL .......................................................................................73
7.1 Calibration of Sprayers......................................................................73
7.2 Dose of Herbicide..............................................................................76
7.3 Commonly Used Indices In Weed Management ..............................83
7.3.1 Weed Control Efficiency (WCE)............................................83
7.3.2 Weed Control Index (WCI)....................................................83
7.3.3 Weed Smothering Efficiency (WSE)......................................84
7.3.4 Weed Index (WI) ...................................................................84
7.3.5 Weed Persistence Index (WPI)..............................................85
7.3.6 Treatment Efficiency Index (TEI)...........................................85
7.3.7 Weed Management Index (WMI)..........................................86
7.3.8 Agronomic Management Index (AMI)..................................87
7.3.9 Integrated Weed Management Index (IWMI).......................87
vi
7.3.10. Crop Resistance Index (CRI) .................................................88
7.3.11. Weed Growth Rate (WGR) ....................................................88
7.4 Indices Used in Weed Survey...........................................................89
7.4.1 Frequency of Weeds .............................................................89
7.4.2 Field Uniformity (FU).............................................................90
7.4.3 Density...................................................................................90
7.4.4 Mean Field Density (MFD)...................................................90
7.4.5 Mean Occurrence Field Density (MOFD).............................91
7.4.6 Relative Frequency (RF)........................................................91
7.4.7 Relative Field Uniformity (RFU)............................................91
7.4.8. Relative Mean Field Density (RMFD)...................................91
7.4.9. Relative Abundance (RA)......................................................92
EXERCISES......................................................................................101
ANSWERS.......................................................................................105
8. ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE AND YIELD ADVANTAGE....................107
8.1. Rotational Intensity.........................................................................108
8.2. Cropping Intensity:..........................................................................108
8.3. Multiple cropping index (MCI)........................................................110
8.4 Land Use Efficiency.........................................................................112
8.5. Cultivated Land Utilization Index (CLUI)........................................113
8.6. Cropping Intensity Index (CII) ........................................................115
8.7. Specific crop intensity index SCII)..................................................116
8.8. Relative Cropping intensity index (RCII) ........................................ 118
8.9. Diversity Index(DI) ..........................................................................120
8.10. Harvest Diversity Index (HDI).........................................................121
8.11. Simultaneous Cropping Index (SCI) ................................................123
8.12. Sustainability Index .........................................................................123
8.13. Sustainable value Index...................................................................124
8.14. Crop Equivalent Yield(CEY).............................................................125
vii
8.15 Relative Yield Total (RYT)................................................................127
8.16. Land Equivalent Ratio(LER) ............................................................128
8.17. Price equivalent Ratio (PER)............................................................130
8.18. Relative crowding coefficient (RCC) ...............................................132
8.19. Aggressivity (A)..............................................................................134
8.20. Competition Ratio(CR).....................................................................136
EXERCISES 138
ANSWERS 141
9. WATER MANAGEMENT.........................................................................143
9.1. Volume And Mass Relationship of Soil...........................................143
9.1.1. Total Volume of Soil (Vt)......................................................143
9.1.2. Total Mass of Soil (Mt).......................................................144
9.1.3. Void Ratio (e) .......................................................................144
9.1.4. Porosity (f)...........................................................................145
9.1.5. Gravimetric Moisture Content (·§).......................................146
9.1.6. Volumetric Moisture Content (Q) ........................................147
9.1.7. Degree of Saturation (s) ...................................................... 148
9.1.8. Bulk Density (rb) .................................................................149
9.1.9. Apparent Specific Gravity (ASG)........................................150
9.1.10. Particle Density (rs)..............................................................152
9.2. CALCULATION OF IRRIGATION WATER....................................161
9.2.1. Net Irrigation Requirement (NIR) ........................................165
9.2.2. Gross Irrigation Requirement (GIR).....................................170
9.2.3. Scheduling of Irrigation.......................................................170
9.2.3.1. Soil moisture depletion approach........................... 170
9.2.3.2. IW/CPE approach...................................................172
9.2.4. Volume of Irrigation Water...................................................174
9.2.5. Irrigation Efficiencies...........................................................178
9.2.5.1. Water Conveyance Efficiency (Ec).........................178
viii
9.2.5.2. Water Application Efficiency (Ea)..........................179
9.2.5.3. Project Efficiency (Ep)............................................180
9.2.5.4. Water Storage Efficiency........................................181
9.2.5.5. Water Distribution Efficiency.................................184
9.2.5.6. Water Use Efficiency.............................................. 186
9.2.6. Design Irrigation Frequency................................................ 187
9.2.7. Effective Rainfall (ER)..........................................................189
9.2.8. Irrigation systems terminology............................................192
9.2.9. Water Potential ....................................................................200
9.2.10.Matric potential with the help of tensiometer ....................206
EXERCISES ................................................................................210
ANSWERS ................................................................................218
10. MOISTURE CONTENT IN PLANTS, GRAINS AND ORGANIC
MANURES...............................................................................................220
10.1. Moisture Content on Fresh Weight Basis.................................... 220
10.2. Relative Water Content (RWC)..................................................... 221
10.3. Water Deficit Or Saturation Deficit (SD)....................................... 221
EXERCISES.............................................................................................224
ANSWERS..............................................................................................225
11. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS .......................................226
11.1 Crop Growth Rate (CGR)...............................................................226
11.2 Absolute Growth Rate (AGR).......................................................227
11.3 Relative Growth Rate (RGR)..........................................................228
11.4 Leaf Area Index (LAI) ...................................................................229
11.5 Leaf Weight Ratio (LWR) or Leaf Mass Fraction ( LMF)............ 230
11.6 Leaf Area Ratio (LAR)...................................................................231
11.7 Specific Leaf Area Ratio (SLA).....................................................232
11.8 Specific Leaf Weight (SLW)..........................................................233
ix
