Table Of ContentAgricultural Policy Monitoring
and Evaluation 2021
ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES FACING FOOD
SYSTEMS
Agricultural Policy
Monitoring and Evaluation
2021
ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES FACING FOOD
SYSTEMS
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Please cite this publication as:
OECD (2021), Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2021: Addressing the Challenges Facing Food Systems, OECD
Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/2d810e01-en.
ISBN 978-92-64-55492-4 (print)
ISBN 978-92-64-85370-6 (pdf)
Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation
ISSN 2221-7363 (print)
ISSN 2221-7371 (online)
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Foreword
This Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2021 report provides up-to-date monitoring and
evaluation of agricultural policies across countries from all six continents, including the 38 OECD countries
and the five non-OECD EU Member States, and eleven emerging and developing economies: Argentina,
Brazil, People’s Republic of China, India, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, the Russian Federation,
South Africa, Ukraine and Viet Nam. It is the 34th in the series of the OECD Agricultural Policy Monitoring
and Evaluation reports, and the ninth report to include both OECD countries and emerging and developing
economies.
The report provide insights into the increasingly complex nature of agricultural policy and is based on the
OECD’s comprehensive system for measuring and classifying support to agriculture — the Producer and
Consumer Support Estimates (PSE and CSE) and related indicators. These indicators provide country
comparable information on the nature and extent of support and serve as a basis for OECD’s policy
monitoring and evaluation.
The report is structured as follows. The Executive Summary synthesises the key findings. Chapter 1
provides an overview of recent developments in agricultural policies and support, with a specific focus on
policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also analyses the implications of current agricultural
support policies for the performance of food systems. Chapter 2 describes the overall trends in agricultural
support and is followed by individual chapters for each of the countries covered (the European Union,
which has a Common Agricultural Policy, is presented as a single chapter). Country chapters begin with
snapshots containing brief summaries of developments in agricultural policies and support as well as
country-specific policy recommendations. This is followed by more comprehensive descriptions of
agricultural policy developments, including in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. A Statistical Annex
containing detailed background tables of the indicators of agricultural support is available as a separate
document on the OECD website (https://doi.org/10.1787/2d810e01-en).
The Executive Summary and Chapter 1 are published under the responsibility of the OECD Committee for
Agriculture. The remainder of the report is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of
the OECD.
AGRICULTURAL POLICY MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2021 © OECD 2021
4
Acknowledgements
This report was prepared by the Trade and Agriculture Directorate of the OECD with the active participation
of countries included in this report. The following people from the OECD Secretariat contributed to the
preparation of this report: Martin von Lampe (project leader), Václav Vojtech (co-ordinator), Jonathan
Brooks (Head of Division), Jesús Antón, Morvarid Bagherzadeh, Katherine Baldwin, Florence Bossard,
Dalila Cervantes-Godoy, Dimitris Diakosavvas, Lizeth Fuquene, Emily Gray, Guillaume Gruère, Santiago
Guerrero, Jussi Lankoski, Clarisse Legendre, Roger Martini, Jibran Punthakey, Makiko Shigemitsu, Silvia
Sorescu, Noura Takrouri-Jolly, Misun Yoo and Urszula Ziebinska. Administrative and editing services were
provided by Martina Abderrahmane.
The OECD also gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following experts from emerging
economies to this report: Argentina – Malena Goldring, Gerardo Luis Petri and Virginia Rumbolo (Ministry
of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries), Daniel Lema (INTA and Universidad del CEMA); Brazil – Antônio
Luiz Machado de Moraes (Ministry of Agriculture); the People’s Republic of China – Cheng Guoqiang
(Rural Revitalization Expert Advisory Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and China
Renmin University), Zhu Mande (Guizhou University), Wu Xiaohong (Tongji University) and Zhuang Jiayu
(Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences); India – Ashok Gulati,
Shweta Saini and Prerna Terway (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations);
Indonesia – Tahlim Sudaryanto (Indonesian Center for Agriculture Socio Economic and Policy Studies,
Ministry of Agriculture); Kazakhstan – Yerlan Syzdykov (Analytical Centre for Economic Policy in the
Agricultural Sector); the Philippines – Tisha Pia E. Dela Rosa, Frances Kaye, Anne Adao and Katrin Mares
(Department of Agriculture), Grace del Prado and Carla G. Menguito (Philippine Statistical Authority);
Russian Federation – Olga Shik, Eugenia Serova and Renata Yanbykh (National Research University
Higher School of Economics); South Africa – David Spies (North-West University, Potchefstroom);
Ukraine – Vitaliy Zhygadlo; Viet Nam – Hieu Phan Sy and Nguyen Thi Thu Trang (Center for Informatics
and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development), Tran Cong Thang, Truong Thi Thu Trang,
Vu Huy Phuc and Nguyen Le Hoa (Institute of Policy and Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development).
AGRICULTURAL POLICY MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2021 © OECD 2021
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Table of contents
Foreword 3
Acknowledgements 4
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 18
Executive Summary 20
1 Developments in Agricultural Policy and Support 24
Key economic and market developments 25
Responses to COVID-19 and other recent developments in agricultural policies 29
Are agricultural support policies helping to address the triple challenge faced by food systems? 40
Assessing support and reforms 79
References 85
Annex 1.A. Definition of OECD indicators of agricultural support 92
Nominal indicators used in this report 92
Ratio indicators and percentage indicators 93
Drivers of the change in PSE 95
Definition of GSSE categories 96
Notes 99
Developments in Agricultural Policy and Support by Country 101
2 Overall trends in agricultural support 102
OECD countries 102
Emerging economies 105
Notes 105
All countries 108
3 Argentina 111
Support to agriculture 111
Recent policy changes 111
Assessment and recommendations 112
Description of policy developments 116
Contextual information 123
Reference 126
Notes 126
AGRICULTURAL POLICY MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2021 © OECD 2021
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4 Australia 127
Support to agriculture 127
Recent policy changes 127
Assessment and recommendations 128
Description of policy developments 132
Contextual information 137
References 140
Notes 141
5 Brazil 142
Support to agriculture 142
Recent policy changes 142
Assessment and recommendations 143
Description of policy developments 147
Contextual information 153
References 156
Note 156
6 Canada 157
Support to agriculture 157
Recent policy changes 157
Assessment and recommendations 158
Description of policy developments 162
Contextual information 175
References 178
Notes 179
7 Chile 180
Support to agriculture 180
Recent policy changes 180
Assessment and recommendations 181
Description of policy developments 185
Contextual information 189
References 192
Note 192
8 China 193
Support to agriculture 193
Recent policy changes 193
Assessment and recommendations 194
Description of policy developments 198
Contextual information 206
References 210
Notes 214
9 Colombia 215
Support to agriculture 215
Recent policy changes 215
Assessment and recommendations 216
Description of policy developments 220
AGRICULTURAL POLICY MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2021 © OECD 2021
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Contextual information 223
References 226
Note 226
10 Costa Rica 227
Support to agriculture 227
Recent policy changes 227
Assessment and recommendations 227
Description of policy developments 231
Contextual information 234
References 238
Note 238
11 European Union 239
Support to agriculture 239
Recent policy changes 239
Assessment and recommendations 240
Description of policy developments 244
Contextual information 280
References 284
Notes 287
12 Iceland 291
Support to agriculture 291
Recent policy changes 291
Assessment and recommendations 291
Description of policy developments 295
Contextual information 300
Reference 303
Note 303
13 India 304
Support to agriculture 304
Recent policy changes 304
Assessment and recommendations 305
Description of policy developments 309
Contextual information 318
References 322
Notes 325
14 Indonesia 327
Support to agriculture 327
Recent policy changes 327
Assessment and recommendations 328
Description of policy developments 332
Contextual information 339
References 343
Note 344
AGRICULTURAL POLICY MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2021 © OECD 2021
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15 Israel 345
Support to agriculture 345
Recent policy changes 345
Assessment and recommendations 346
Description of policy developments 350
Contextual information 357
References 361
Notes 361
16 Japan 362
Support to agriculture 362
Recent policy changes 362
Assessment and recommendations 363
Description of policy developments 367
Contextual information 377
References 381
Notes 382
17 Kazakhstan 384
Support to agriculture 384
Recent policy changes 384
Assessment and recommendations 384
Description of policy developments 389
Contextual information 396
References 400
18 Korea 401
Support to agriculture 401
Recent policy changes 401
Assessment and recommendations 402
Description of policy developments 406
Contextual information 410
References 413
Notes 413
19 Mexico 414
Support to agriculture 414
Recent policy changes 414
Assessment and recommendations 415
Description of policy developments 419
Contextual information 423
Reference 426
Note 426
20 New Zealand 427
Support to agriculture 427
Recent policy changes 427
Assessment and recommendations 428
Description of policy developments 432
Contextual information 440
AGRICULTURAL POLICY MONITORING AND EVALUATION 2021 © OECD 2021
