Table Of Contentc 'a
AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE
POLLUTION OF WATER; |
j
A Literature Survey from an Alberta Perspective j
LANM>IANA
NOV 1 7 ! 993
/diberra
AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Conservation and Development
I
National Library Biblioth^que Rationale
of Canada du Canada
AGRICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE
POLLUTION OF WATER:
A Literature Survey from an Alberta Perspective
Neil MacAlpine, P. Eng.
Farm Water Management Engineer
and
Quang-Tuan Nguyen
Conservation and Development Branch
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development
August 1993
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2016
I
https://archive.org/details/agriculturalnonpOOmaca
PREFACE
Surface water and groundwater can be contaminated by pollutants from nonpoint sources
(i.e., broad areas such as fields or forests) and point sources (i.e., individual points such as
industrial plant return flows). Over the last two decades, as control of point source pollution has
improved, attention has turned to nonpoint source pollution. Agricultural nonpoint source pollutants
include sediment, animal wastes, fertilizers, pesticides, nutrients and salts.
Although research on agricultural nonpoint source pollution in Alberta is still in its initial
stages, the province is in a good position to take advantage of the information and expertise
developed elsewhere in North America. David Neilson, Head, Farm Water Management Section,
Conservation and Development Branch, saw the need for this literature survey and initiated the
work on it.
The information on water quality and agricultural nonpoint source pollution changes almost
daily. This survey focuses on articles published in North American research journals and other
sources from the late 1970s to December 1992. The survey is not all-inclusive but it summarizes
the understanding of the main water quality issues related to agriculture in Alberta. It is designed
for Alberta regional specialists, field staff and others interested in becoming familiar with this topic.
While this report provides some initial assessments on what are key water quality issues for
Alberta, the rapid changes in this field limit these assessments to the period covered by the survey.
Chapter 1 outlines key results from agricultural nonpoint source pollution research. Chapter
2 describes the Best Management Practices recommended for improving agriculturally affected
water quality. Chapter 3 describes water quality models for surface runoff, water table
management and groundwater. Chapter 4 outlines the principles involved in planning projects to
control agricultural pollution of water. For those interested in an overview, reading sections 1.1 to
1 .4 of Chapter 1, the conclusions of Chapters 2 and 3 and all of Chapter 4 is recommended.
Quang-Tuan Nguyen is a second year Mechanical Engineering student in the Cooperative
Engineering Program at the University of Alberta. This literature survey was conducted as part of
his first work term, September to December, 1992. The assistance of Robert Bateman, Head,
Library Services Branch, and his staff is very much appreciated in helping Nguyen with his search
for articles. Carolyn King provided significant editorial review for this report.
Neil MacAlpine
Farm Water Management Engineer
Conservation and Development Branch
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This literature survey summarizes work on agricultural nonpoint source pollution in North
America, focusing on articles published in North American research journals and other sources from
the late 1970s to December 1992. The survey is not all-inclusive but it summarizes the
understanding of the main water quality issues related to agriculture in Alberta. It is designed for
regional specialists, field staff and others interested in becoming familiar with this topic.
The survey reviews work in four areas. Chapter 1, Research and Monitoring, summarizes
studies of agricultural nonpoint source pollution in prairie Canada, eastern Canada and the United
States. Chapter 2, Best Management Practices, outlines production practices and control methods
for reducing agricultural pollution. Chapter 3, Water Quality Models, describes recent software
models used to predict levels of agricultural pollution and improvements in water quality with
changes in practices. Chapter 4, Planning Principles for Nonpoint Pollution Control Projects, outlines
effective planning principles based on successful pollution control projects. Each chapter includes
summaries of individual articles, reports and other information sources, and ends with a summary
of conclusions from the literature.
The extent and severity of agricultural nonpoint source pollution of water is not yet well
defined for Alberta. At present, it appears that it is neither severe nor widespread. However, recent
studies have found herbicide residues in shallow water tables in irrigated areas that in rare
instances exceeded drinking water guidelines. Also, nitrate concentrations above the drinking water
maximum of 10 mg/L have been found in shallow water tables under fields in irrigated areas where
applications of manure were at the maximum recommended rates. On a watershed basis, winter
feeding areas for cattle are being investigated as a source of nutrients for algae blooms in Alberta
lakes and of drinking water treatment problems in Alberta rivers. None of these studies have yet
found serious health hazards to Albertans.
In general, the severity of agricultural nonpoint source pollution is related directly to the
intensity of agricultural production. Alberta's agriculture industry is predominately extensive, not
intensive. As a result, Alberta researchers are not finding the degree and extent of water quality
degradation found in some other parts of North America. Nevertheless, the potential exists for
water quality degradation over the long term, particularly if agricultural operations intensify.
Prevention of water pollution from agricultural sources is much more cost-effective than
attempting to restore polluted waters to pristine conditions. Recent field studies in the United
States have identified Best Management Practices (BMPs) for controlling sediment, pesticide,
nutrient, salt and microorganism pollution of water. BMPs include water quality management
practices related to management of feedlot and cow/calf operations, fertilizer and pesticide
II
management, irrigation water management and manure handling.
BMPs must be tailored to local conditions but field evaluation of these practices can be
expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, water quality models may be used as a cost-effective
alternative to field evaluations, once the models are validated and verified. With climate, crop, soil
and topographic information, these computer models can help assess the impact of agricultural
activities, identify target areas for BMPs implementation and evaluate BMPs under various
scenarios in seconds or minutes.
Several water quality projects in North America have shown that water pollution from
agricultural nonpoint sources can be controlled at a reasonable cost with existing technology and
approaches. The principles contributing to the success of these projects provide a useful framework
for planning the development, implementation and evaluation of future water quality projects.
Education on effective production practices and proper handling of agricultural chemicals is
the key to water quality protection. Watersheds with specific water quality problems require
targeting of "hot spots" and one-on-one work with key farmers to adopt a mix of Best Management
Practices that are practical and feasible for the farmer.
For Alberta's agricultural sector, water quality is an important issue even though the limited
available evidence suggests there is no serious agricultural pollution problem yet. While questions
about agricultural pollution may be driven by findings elsewhere in North America, Alberta farmers
recognize what could be at risk is the health of their families and livestock, and the public's
perception that agriculture in Alberta grows food in a clean and healthy environment. Farmers want
to know if there really is a water quality problem due to agricultural activities in Alberta.
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CONTENTS
PREFACE i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii
1.0 RESEARCH AND MONITORING 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1 .2 Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Research in Alberta 1
1 .3 Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Research in Other Provinces 6
1 .4 Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Research in the United States 8
1.5 Nonpoint Source Pollution Research Literature Summary 9
1.5.1 Research in Prairie Canada 9
1.5.2 Research in Eastern Canada 19
1.5.3 Research in the United States 25
1.6 Extrapolation to Nonpoint Pollution Processes in Alberta 29
1.7 References 31
2.0 BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 37
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Best Management Practices Literature Summary 37
2.2.1 Evaluation of Best Management Practices on Rural Clean Water Program
Projects 37
2.2.2 Best Management Practices for Pesticides, Fertilizers and Feedlots 40
2.2.3 Other Best Management Practices 43
2.2.4 Research 47
2.3 Conclusions 57
2.4 References 58
3.0 WATER QUALITY MODELS 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Water Quality Models Literature Summary 61
3.2.1 Water Quality Model Selection Advisor 61
3.2.2 Surface Runoff Models 62
3.2.3 Water Table Management Models 70
3.2.4 Groundwater Models 74
3.3 Conclusions 80
3.4 References 80
4.0 PLANNING PRINCIPLES FOR NONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECTS 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Planning Principles Summary 83
4.3 Conclusions 85
4.4 References 85
5.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SOURCES 86
6.0 GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS 89
V
