Table Of ContentAgrarian Systems and Rural Development
The World Employment Programme (WEP) was launched by the
International Labour Organisation in 1969, as the ILO's main
contribution to the International Development Strategy for the
Second United Nations Development Decade.
The means of action adopted by the WEP have included the
following:
-short-term high-level advisory missions;
-longer-term national or regional employment teams; and
-a wide-ranging research programme.
A landmark in the development of the WEP was the World
Employment Conference of 1976, which proclaimed inter alia that
'strategies and national development plans should include as a
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ence have become the cornerstone of WEP technical assistance and
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ment Decade.
This publication is the outcome of a WEP project.
Agrarian Systems and
Rural Development
DharamGhai
Azizur Rahman Khan
Eddy Lee
Samir Radwan
A study prepared for the International Labour Office within the
framework of the World Employment Programme
@International Labour Organisation 1979
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1979 978-0-333-27343-2
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Agrarian systems and rural development
1. Underdeveloped areas-Agriculture-Case studies
I. Ghai, Dharam Pal
II. International Labour Office
World Employment Programme
338.1'09172'4 HD1417
ISBN 978-1-349-04948-6 ISBN 978-1-349-04946-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-04946-2
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Contents
Preface
1 Alternative Agrarian Systems and Rural
Development in the Third World 1
1.1 Objectives and contents of the studies
1.2 Alternative agrarian systems: performance, problems and
policies
(a) The system of individual farming
(b) The intermediate category
(c) The system of communal farming
1.3 Some concluding comments
2 Egalitarian Peasant Fanning and Rural Development:
The Case of South Korea 24
Eddy Lee
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The agricultural system of South Korea
2.3 Performance of the rural economy
(a) Growth
(b) The distribution of rural incomes
(c) Savings and accumulation
2.4 Factors explaining the performance of the agricultural
system
2.5 On specificity and replicability
3 Organisation of Agriculture for Rural Development:
The Indian Case 72
AshokRudra
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The strategy
3.3 The evolution of policy
(a) Pre-independence thought
(b) Abandonment of the comprehensive approach
(c) The intensive area development approach
vi Agrarian Systems and Rural Development
3.4 Growth performance
3.5 Impact on agrarian relations
3.6 The sub-strategy for welfare
3. 7 The emerging structure
Appendix
4 The Comilla Model and the Integrated Rural
Development Programme of Bangladesh
An Experiment in 'Co-operative Capitalism' 113
Azizur Rahman Khan
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Comilla co-operative experiment
(a) The background
(b) Increased production
(c) The distribution of income
(d) Capital accumulation and credit
(e) The success and failure of the Comilla experiment: a
summary
4.3 The expansion of the Comilla-type of co-operative in the
rest of Bangladesh
S The State and Agrarian Change: A Case Study of
Egypt, 1952-77 159
Samir Radwan and Eddy Lee
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The evolution of Egypt's agrarian system before land reform
5.3 The post-reform agrarian system
5.4 The impact of agrarian reform
(a) Growth performance
(b) Income distribution and poverty
(c) The impact of the system of supervised co-operatives
5.5 Sectoral balance and the mobilisation of agricultural surplus
(a) Inter-sectoral terms of trade
(b) Rural-urban disparities
5.6 Conclusion
6 Agrarian Change in a Plantation Economy: The
Case of Guyana 204
Clive Thomas
6.1 Introduction
Contents vii
6.2 Colonialism, slavery and the plantation system
6.3 Change in the plantation system: immigration and indenture
6.4 Sugar as an MNC activity
(a) Transition
(b) Sugar economy: post-World War II structure
6.5 Peasant economy and sugar: the other side of dualism
(a) Broad characteristics
(b) The peasant sugar sector
6.6 Overcoming the plantation system: nationalisation
6.7 Nationalisation and the agrarian impasse
7 Ujamaa and Villagisadon in Tanzania 232
Dharam Ghai and Reginald Herbold Green
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The agricultural system prior to Ujamaa
7.3 The evolution of agricultural organisation and policy:
1967-77
(a) The estate sector
(b) Patterns of villagisation
(c) Parallel policy changes
7.4 Impact on distribution and production
(a) Impact on land and income distribution
(b) Organisation and efficiency of production
(c) Provision of social services
7.5 Conclusion
8 Achievements and Incentives in Communal
Agriculture: The Case of China 257
Azizur Rahman Khan and Ng Gek-boo
8.1 A summary of achievements
8.2 The need for further progress and an incentive policy
8.3 Individual incentives
8.4 Collective incentives
(a) Agricultural taxation
(b) Compulsory and voluntary procurement
(c) The possible alternative price
(d) Average and marginal rates of taxes on agriculture
(e) The collectives' perception of the incentive system
8.5 Sectoral incentive
8.6 Incentives and inequality
viii Agrarian Systems and Rural Development
9 Collective Agriculture in Soviet Central Asia 286
Azizur Rahman Khan and Dharam Ghai
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Trends in sectoral incomes
9.3 An exception to the strategy of primitive socialist accumula
tion
9.4 Changes since 1953
9.5 Productive efficiency
(a) The success story of cotton
(b) Relative performance of Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz in
growing cotton
(c) Grain crops
9.6 Collective agriculture and personal plots
9. 7 The distribution of income
(a) The degree of inequality among collective farms
(b) Intra-Kolkhoz inequality
(c) Personal plots and income distribution
9.8 Accumulation
9. 9 Some concluding observations
10 Cuban Agriculture and Development:
Contradictions and Progress 331
Arthur MacEwan
10.1 Introduction
(a) The land reform: a dual process
(b) Redistribution and social programmes
10.2 Production and accumulation in the 1960s
(a) Development strategy of the 1960s
(b) Substance of strategy
(c) Planning and incentives
1. The big push
2. The organisation problem
3. Ineffective investment
(d) Weak design of strategy
(e) Poor labour mobilisation
10.3 Reorganisation and progress in the 1970s
(a) The role of education and special programmes
(b) The dual reform of politics and planning
(c) Re-balancing the Cuban economy
Index 367
List of Tables
2.1 Tenancy Conditions and Size-distribution of
Landholdings, 194 7 and 1965 26
2.2 Cost of Production of Paddy by Farm Size 28
2.3 Average Real Income per Rural Household 31
2.4 Agricultural Wages 33
2.5 Comparison of Incomes of Rural and Urban
Households 34
2.6 Distribution of Incomes in Rural Korea 37
2. 7 Distribution of Real Income by Size of Land
holding,.1963 and 1975 38/39
2.8 Change in the Distribution of Food and Total
Consumption Expenditure by Size of Land
holding, 1964 and 197 5 41
2. 9 Average Annual Grain Consumption per House
hold by Size of Landholding 42
2.10 Source of Farm Income by Size of Landholding,
1964 and 1975 44
2.11 Average per Capita Daily Caloric Intake of Farm
Households by Income Class, 1973 46
2.12 Savings Ratios by Size of Landholding, 1963 and
1973 47
2.13 Distribution of Fixed Assets (value terms) 48
2.14 Size-distribution of Landholdings, 1965 and
1975 56
2.15 Government Purchase Prices. Market Prices and
Cost of Production for Rice, 1948-75 60
2.16 Terms of Trade for Agricultural Products,
1959-75 61
3.1 Annual Rates of Increase of Prices Received by
Agriculture and Prices Paid by Agriculture 110
4.1 Acreage, Yield and Production of Rice in Com-
illa Kotwali Thana in Selected Years 117
4.2 Yield (in maunds) per Acre of Rice of Members
and Non-members of Co-operatives in Comilla
Thana 119
