Table Of ContentElectrical Engineering Willis
AGING POWER
Schrieber
AGING POWER DELIVERY A
DELIVERY
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INFRASTRUCTURES
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Second Edition P INFRASTRUCTURES
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Good aging infrastructure management consists of optimizing the
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choice of equipment and its refurbishment while also making compat-
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ible changes in all those operating and ownership policies, the whole
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combination aimed at optimizing the business results the power
system owner desires. Both a reference and tutorial guide, this second
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edition of Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures provides S e c o n d E d i t i o n
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updated coverage of aging power delivery systems, the problems they
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cause, and the technical and managerial approaches that power
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s ystems owners can take to manage them. V
See What’s New in the Second Edition E
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• All chapters have been updated or are completely new
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• Comprehensive discussions of all issues related to equipment aging
• Business impact analysis and models and engineering business
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studies of actual utility cases
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• Strategy and policy issues and how to frame and customize them
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for specific situations
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This book looks at the basics of equipment aging and its system and A
business impacts on utilities. It covers various maintenance, service,
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and retrofit methods available to mitigate age-related deterioration of
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equipment. It also presents numerous configuration and automation
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upgrades at the system level that can deal with higher portions of
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aging equipment in the system and still provide good service at a
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reasonable cost.
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K10222
H. Lee Willis
Randall R. Schrieber
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Series Introduction iii
Preface v
1 Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures 1
1.1 Introduction and Overview 1
1.2 Aging Infrastructure Management Must Become
A Mainstream Part of Utility Operations? 4
1.3 What is the Infrastructure Involved? 5
1.4 Characteristics of an Aging Infrastructure 7
1.5 Power Delivery Systems 8
1.6 The Business Environment Has Changed 11
1.7 Five Factors Contribute to Aging Infrastructure Problems 14
1.8 Condition, Criticality, and Consequences 34
1.9 Concluding Remarks 38
References and Bibliography 48
2 Power Delivery Systems 51
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 T&D System’s Mission 52
2.3 The “Laws of T&D” 54
2.4 Levels of the T&D System 57
2.5 Utility Distribution Equipment 68
2.6 T&D Costs 74
2.7 Types of Delivery System Design 83
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xii Contents
2.8 Smart Grid 96
2.9 Conclusion 98
References and Bibliography 100
3 Customer Demand for Power and Reliability of Service 103
3.1 The Two-Q’s: Quantity and Quality of Power 103
3.2 Electric Consumer Need for Quantity of Power 104
3.3 Electric Consumer Need for Quality of Power 113
3.4 Two-Q Analysis: Quantity and Quality of Power Are
Both Important Aspects of Consumer Value 129
3.5 Conclusion and Summary 132
References and Bibliography 133
4 Power System Reliability and Reliability of Service 135
4.1 Introduction 135
4.2 Outages Cause Interruptions 137
4.3 Reliability Indices 141
4.4 Reliability and Contingency Criteria for Planning 146
4.5 Cost Is Usually the Major Consideration 151
4.6 Two-Q Analysis of Power Systems 155
4.7 Conclusion and Summary 157
References and Bibiliography 158
5 Cost and Economic Evaluation 161
5.1 Introduction 161
5.2 Costs 162
5.3 Time Value of Money 165
5.4 Decision Bases and Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation 181
5.5 Budget-Constrained Planning: Marginal Benefit vs. Cost Analysis 182
Contents xiii
5.6 Asset Management and Pareto Analysis 195
5.7 Conclusion 200
References and Bibliography 201
6 Equipment Inspection, Testing, and Diagnostics 203
6.1 Introduction 203
6.2 Inspection, Testing, and Diagnostic Evaluation 203
6.3 Equipment Testing and Diagnosis Methods 213
6.4 Tests and Diagnosis of Insulating Oil 221
6.5 On-Line and Real-Time Monitoring and Testing 229
6.5 Summary and Final Comments 231
References 232
7 Aging Equipment and Its Impacts 233
7.1 Introduction 233
7.2 Equipment Aging 234
7.3 Equipment Failure Rate Increases with Age 249
7.4 Impact of Escalating Failure Rates 256
7.5 Summary of Key Points 262
References 263
8 Obsolete System Structures 265
8.1 Introduction 265
8.2 Obsolete Systems Layouts 266
8.3 Impacts on the Sub-transmission – Substation Level 272
8.4 Feeder System Impacts 278
8.5 “Fixes” For Outdated System Structures 292
8.6 Summary of Key Points 295
References and Bibliography 296
xiv Contents
9 Traditional Reliability Engineering Tools and Their Limitations 297
9.1 Introduction 297
9.2 Contingency-Based Planning Methods 298
9.3 Limitations of N-1 Methodology 304
9.4 Other Planning Related Concerns 317
9.5 Summary and Conclusion 326
References and Bibliography 330
10 Primary Distribution Planning and Engineering Interactions 331
10.1 Introduction 331
10.2 Distribution Planning and the Perceived Role of Distribution 332
10.3 Flexibility and Effectiveness in Feeder Level Planning 342
10.4 Smart Distribution Systems 355
10.5 Conclusion 333
References and Bibliography 360
11 Equipment Condition Assessment 361
11.1 Introduction 361
11.2 What Does “Condition” Mean? 362
11.3 Analysis, Modeling, and Prediction 367
11.4 Power Transformers 374
11.5 Switchgear and Circuit Breakers 381
11.6 Underground Equipment and Cables 384
11.7 Overhead Lines and Associated Equipment 387
11.8 Service Transformers and Service Circuits 393
11.9 Evaluating and Prioritizing Equipment Condition 394
11.10 Condition Tracking 403
11.11 Summary and Final Comments 406
Contents xv
References and Bibliography 407
12 Optimization 409
12.1 Introduction 409
12.2 Prioritizing Inspection, Maintenance, and Service 410
12.3 Reliability Centered Maintenance 414
12.4 Basic Reliability-Centered Prioritization 418
12.5 Prioritization of the Type of Maintenance 429
12.6 Practical Aspects for Implementation 437
12.7 Extending Reliability-Centered Prioritization and Optimization
to Other Operations Functions 445
12.8 Optimization 450
12.9 Conclusion and Recommendations 454
References and Bibliography 459
13 Planning Methods for Aging T&D Infrastructures 457
13.1 Introduction 457
13.2 Planning: Finding the Best Alternative 460
13.3 Short- and Long-Range Planning 470
13.4 The T&D Planning Process 480
13.5 The Systems Approach 500
13.6 Summary of Planning in an Aging T&D Infrastructure 504
References and Bibliography 506
14 Reliability Can Be Planned and Engineered 507
14.1 Introduction 507
14.2 Reliability Can Be Engineered 510
14.3 Methods for Distribution System Reliability Assessment 514
14.4 Application of Analytical Simulation for Detailed Reliability
xvi Contents
Assessment 518
14.5 Use of a Hybrid Analytical Solution 524
14.6 Conclusion and Key Points 532
References and Bibliography 533
15 Six Aging Infrastructure Management Stories 537
15.1 Introduction 537
15.2 Four Philosophies of Ownership 538
15.3 Comparing the Four Ownership Philosophies 563
15.4 Organizational culture 567
15.5 Six Cases: “Success” from Six Different Perspectives 574
15.5.1 Big States Electric – Asset Management 574
15.5.2 Mid-State Electric – Reliability-Centered Maintenance 579
15.5.3 International Bulk Petroleum – Buy, Burn, and Bash 583
15.5.4 Big State University System – Standards Based 586
15.5.5 Third-World Orphan Rescue
Foundation – Uniquely Standards Based 589
15.5.6 Huey Longwaites International
Airport – Buy, Burn, and Bash 594
15.6 Conclusion 596
16 Managing an Aging Infrastructure 599
16.1 Introduction 599
16.2 An Inauspicious Beginning 600
16.3 Overview of Approach 603
16.4 The Data Chase 604
16.5 Building the Historical Model of Pole Ownership 612
16.6 Building the Predictive Model 623
16.7 What the Model Says About the Future 632
Contents xvii
16.8 Projections of Pole-Related Costs and Performance 638
16.9 Finding the Bad Poles 648
16.10 Pole Replacement Merit and Economics 658
16.11 Options for Pole Replacement Programs 667
16.12 CL&P’s Plan for Dealing with Aging Wooden Distribution Poles 678
17 Guidelines and Recommendations 689
17.1 Introduction 689
17.2 Five Interrelated Factors 689
17.3 Results-Driven Management (RDM) 692
17.4 Steps to Mitigate Aging Infrastructure Effects 695
17.5 The Aging Infrastructure Management Program Itself 705
Bibliography 714
Appendix A – Notes on a Spreadsheet-Based Model for Aging Trends
A.1 Introduction 1
A.2 The Concept: Incrementing an Age Distribution 3
A.3 Multi-Sheet Structure of a More Practical Model 7
A.4 Fetting and Calibrating a Model 9
A.5 Real World Data Situations: Getting A Solution 14
A.6 Comments on Application 19
Reference 21
Appendix B – Sustainable Point Analysis
B.1 Introduction 1
B.2 Elements of Aging Infrastructure Analysis 4
B.3 Quantitative Examples 7
B.4 Metrics for Measuring Aging Infrastructures 24
B.5 Effect of Different Failure Rate Curve Shapes 31
xviii Contents
B.6 Reading Distributions 36
B.7 Applying Economic Analysis 42
B.8 Summary of Key Points 46
Index
