AGALINIS (SCROPHULARIACEAE) IN THE OZARK HIGHLANDS

23 Pages·1998·10 MB·English

by  John F Hays

AGALINIS(SCROPHULARIACEAE)
INTHEOZARKHIGHLANDS
JOHNEHAYS
OzarkEnvironmentalConsulting
3308KeenesEdgeDrive
MO
Columbia, 65201, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
ThetenspeciesofAgalinisknowntooccurintheOzarkHighlandsaretreatedflorisri-
cally.Akeytothespeciesispresentedalongwithdescriptions,floweringtime,ecological
data,anddistributionmaps.Inaddition,taxaconsideredrarearenotedandtheircurrent
statusesindicated.
RESUMEN
Setrataronlasdiezespeciesde/l_g^r///n/.fconocidasdelos"OzarkHighlands."Sepresenta
unaclavedelasespecies,condescripciones,datosfenologicosyecologicos,ymapasde
distribucion.Ademas,seanotaelestadoactualdelasespeciesraras.
INTRODUCTION
AgalinisisaNewWorldgenusofabout60species(Canne-Hilliker1988).
Thirty-threespecieso^AgalinisoccurinNorthAmerica(Canne-Hilliker
& Dubrule 1993;Canne-Hilliker&Kampny 1991).Thegenusismost
diversifiedfromsoutheasternTexaseastwardtotheFloridapanhandle(Canne-
Hilliker&Dubrule1993;Clewell1985;Correll&Johnston1970;McRoberts
H1i9l8l9i;keVrin&ceKntam19p8n2y;W1i9l9h1e)lomcc1u98r4i)n.tEhleevMeindswpeecsites(oD^eAgaamlin1i9s4(0s;enHsoulCmagnrneen-
1986;Mohlenbrock1986;Smith1988;Steyermark1963;Swink&Wilhelm
1994;Voss1996;Williams 1973),tenofwhichoccurintheOzarkHigh-
lands.Taxonomically,NorthAmericanspecieso{Agalinisarerelativelywell
known,althoughtheneedstillexistsforamodern,monographictreatment
ofthegenus.Pennell'sworkonthegroup(1929,1935),whilecomprehen-
siveandstilluseful, isalsooutdated,asrecentscholarshiphassuggested.
StudiesbyCanne-Hillikerandassociatesonthecytology,micromorphol-
ogy,comparativeanatomy,andseedlingmorphologyofmostspeciesofNorth
American^^^/i«w(Canne1979,1981,1983,1984;Canne-Hilliker1987;
Canne-Hilliker&Kampny 1991;Stewart&Canne-Hilliker 1998)have
resultedinarevisionofPennell'sideasconcerningthedelimitationsofspe-
ciesandtheclassificationofandwithinthegenus.
Theserevisions,alongwithnearly90yearsofcollectingsince Pennell
firstundertookhisstudyofthegenus,necessitatethepresentationofnew
SiDA18(2):555-577.1998
556 Sii)Al8(2)
dataconcerningthetaxonomicstatusanddistributionoiAgalinisthroughout
NorthAmerica.Thepurposeotmypaperistopresentanup-to-dateac-
countofthedistribution,taxonomy,nomenchiture,andrarityoiAgalinis
intheOzarkHighhmdsaswellastoprovideanunambiguouskeyforthe
identificationofthesespecies.Approximately3,000herbariumspecimens
from24herbariawereexamined(listedinacknowledgments),andImade
over200collectionsofAgaiinisduringthecotu'seofthisstudy.Eachdot
onadistributionmaprepresentsoneorukm-cverifiedvoucherspecimens.
VouchersIcollectedweredepositedatMOorreniaininmypossession.
S'I'UDYARHA
TheOzarkHighlands,oftenreferredtoastheOzarkPlateau(s),Ozark
Province,theOzarkHighland(Cozzens1940;Fenneman1938;Sauer1920;
ThomandWilson 1980),orlocallyassimplythe"Ozarks," isadistinct
geologicalareaclassifiedastheOziirkPlateausgeomorphicprovince(Thornbury
1965),anareaofover134,000scjuarckilometers.Withinthisgeomorphic
provincefalltwodistinctecologicalsections,theOzarkHighkindsSection,
andtheBostonMountainsSection(McNabandEvers 1994).TheOzark
HighlandsSectioncomprisesover85 percentofthearea, anddolomites
andlimestonespredominate,formingoneofthemostextensivekarstre-
gions in thecountry(Nighetal. 1992). Such extensivekarstfeaturesas
caves,springs,seeps,andsinkholesarecommon.IntheBostonMotintains
Section to thesouthwest,ontheotherhand, sandstonesandshalespre-
dominate,andthesandstoneexposuresthatdominatethelandscapeinthis
sectionstandincontrasttothemorecarbonatelandscapeoftheOzarkHighlands
Section.
TheOzarkHighlandsSectionischaracterizedbygentlyrollingtoheavily
dissectedhills,whereastheBostonMountainsSection ischaracterizedby
lowmountains,openhills,andhillyplains.Thevariedtopography,aswell
asthedistinctbedrockandsoilr)'pesdisplayedthroughouttheOzarkHighlands,
hasproducedauniqueassemblageofterrestrialandac]uaticcommunities,
andtheOzarkHighlandsisconsideredacenterofendemism(Nighetal.
1992).Broadleafdeciduousforest(mostlyoak-hickory)comprisesthedominant
vegetation typeintheOzarkHighlands,butpineforests,prairies,glades,
fens, marshes, andlarge riversarcalsopresent in theareaandaddto its
biologicaldiversity.
TheclimateoftheOzarkHighlandsiscontinental,withprecipitationav-
eraging 122to 132centimetersannually,andtheannualtemperatureav-
eraging13to18degreesCelsius(McNabandEvcrs1994).Elevationranges
fromalowof91 metersinMissouri to914metersintheBostonMoun-
tainsofArkansas(Keysetal. 1995).PortionsofArkansas,Illinois,Kansas,
Hays,AgalinisintheOzarkHighlands 557
Missouri, andOklahomafallwithin theboundariesoftheOzarkHigh-
lands,buttheoverwhelmingmajorityofthisgeomorphicprovinceisfound
inMissouriandArkansas.
IAXCWOMK;TREATMENT
AgalinisRa£(nom.conserv.).NewFl.N.Amer.2:61. 1837.GerardiaL.,Sp.
PI.610. 1753.
Oursannual,hemi-parasiticherbswitherectstems;leavesoppositeor
subopposite, lineartolanceolateorlance-ovate,sessile,entire,or(in two
species)theleavessometimes3-cleft,laciniate,orwithlaterallobes;inflo-
rescencesterminatingmostbranches,aracemeorspike,sometimesracemiform;
calyxgamosepalous,campanulatetohemispherical,5-lobed,thelobessometimes
reducedtominuteteeth;corollagamopetalous,zygomorphic,5-lobed,the
twoupperlobesreflexed-spreadingorprojectingforward,thethreelower
lobesspreading,usuallypalepinktolightpurple,rarelywhite,thethroat
often dottedpurpleandwithtwoyellow, longitudinallines; stamens4,
didynamous;fruitaloculicidalcapsule,globose,subglobose,ovoid,obo-
void,orellipsoid;seedssmall,angular,thetestaconspicuouslyreticulate,
yellowishtoblack.
NorthAmericanspeciesaretaxonomicallydiffictiltatthemacromorphological
level,andthereisarelativelyhighpercentageofmisidentifications,espe-
ciallyinherbariawherespecimenshavenotbeenexaminedcritically.This
frequentmisidentificationisasourceofconcern,consideringthefactthat
25ofthe33NorthAmericanspeciesoiAgalinisaretrackedbystatenatu-
ralheritageprogramsassensitiveorrarespecies(Unpublisheddata.State
NaturalHeritagePrograms, 1996and1997).Thestatusofeachspeciesof
y4^^//«wconsideredrareisindicatedfollowingitsdescription.Statusisbased
onthesystemofrankingraretaxadevelopedbytheNatureConservancy
(LaRoe 1995). TheNatureConservancy's currentmethod ofrankingis
summarizedasfollows(G=globalandS=state):GlandSi (1—5occurrences
-criticallyimperiled),G2andS2(6—20occurrences-imperiled),G3and
S3(21—100occurrences-rare),G4andS4(morethan 101 occurrences-
apparentlysecure),G5andS5 (demonstrativelysecure), GHandSH (of
historical occurrence only), GUand SU (possiblyrare, but notenough
documentationexiststoproposearanking),andGXandSX(apparently
extinctorextirpated).
Thesynonymylistedundereachspeciescorrelateswiththenomencla-
tureofothermanualsaworkermayusetoIdenufyAgalinisintheOzark
Highlands:Britton&Brown(1913),Fcrnald(1950),Gleason(1952),Gleason
&Cronquist(1991),Holmgren(1986),Mohlenbrock(1986),andSteyermark
(1963).NomenclaturefollowsCanne-HillikerandKampny(1991).
558 SinAl8(2)
KEYTOSPECIES
Livingplantso^Agalinisappearquitedifferentfromtheirpressedand
driedcounterparts.Itishelpful,therefore,tofamiliarizeoneselfwithboth
freshanddriedmaterialwhenworkingwiththisgroup.Whenidentifying
freshordriedspecimens,itisoftennecessarytoexaminespecimensatlOX
orgreatermagnification,andpreferablywithadissectingmicroscope;sketching
thecorollainthefieldwhilefreshtoshowtheorientationofthelobesand
theshapeofthetubecanalsobehelpfulduetothemembranousnatureof
thecorollas,whichcanbeeasilydistortedoncepressed.Themeasurements
usedinthekeyanddescriptionsthatfollowarebasedonwell-developed
floweringandfruitingspecimens,bothfreshanddried.Onemustkeepin
mindthatspeciesinthisgenusdemonstrateconsiderableplasticity,andthat
immature, depauperate,ordiseasedplantscanmakethisinherentvaria-
tionevenmoredifficulttointerpret; tothecollectorofsuchspecimens:
beware.Thereisalsoagenuineneedforathoroughanddetailedillustra-
tionofeachspeciesofAgalmis,whichwouldgreatlyfacilitateproperiden-
tification.
KEYTOTHESPECIESOFACAUNISINTHEOZARKHIGHLANDS
1.Leaveslanceolatetolance-ovare,5-25mmwide,theupperleaveswith
twobasal,laterallobes;stemandcalyxtubewithretrorse-spreadinghairs;
calyx10-16mmlong 2.A.auriculata
1.Leaveslineartolanceolate,0.5-6(-7)mmbroad,theupperleaveswith-
oscuatbbraosuals,;lactaelryalxl3ob.e5s-;8s(t-e9m)amndmcallyoxngt.ubeglabrousorocaisiouLillysomewhat
2.Longestpedicels6mmorlesslong,shortertoslightlylongerthan
thecalyx.
3.Pedicels 1-3mmlong;calyxlobes3-6mmlong,clearlylonger
thanthecalyxtube,themidveinsofthelobesprominentlyribbed;
leaveslanceolatetolinear-lanceolate,lowerleavessometimes3-
cleftorlaciniate 5.A.heterophylla
3.Pedicels2-6mmlong;calyxlobes0.5-2(-2.5)mmlong,shorter
thanthecalyxrube,themidveinsolthelobeswithoutprominent
keels;leaveslineartonarrowlylanceolate,thelowerleavesnever
3-cleftorlaciniate.
4.Claolnyg;xc5a-p9sumlem7—l1o2ng,mlmonlgo-ncga,meplalniuplsoaitde;toaonbtlhoenrgs,1l.o9n-g2e.r5tmhamn
broad;leavesnarrowlylinear,0.5-1.5mmwide,erectandas-
cending,harshlyscabrousabove,thehairsheavilysilicified,
appearingmarbled;fascicledleavesalsoascending 1.A.aspera
4.Calyx3-5mmlong,hemispherictoshort-campanulate;an-
thers2.3—3.5mmlong;capsule4—6mmlong,globoseto
subglobose,asbroadornearlyasbroadaslong;leaveslinear
tolinear-lanceolate,l-4(-5)mmwide,spreading,arching,or
curling,scabrousabove,butnotharshlyso,orthehairsnei-
therheavilysilicifiednorappearingmarbled;fascicledleaves
spreading,arching,orcurling.
Hays,AgalinisintheOzarkHighlands 550
5.Middle2/3ofmainstemandlargestbranchesnoticeablyto
harshlyscabrous;branchesmostlyascending;axillaryfascicles
usuallywell-developed;5principalveinsofthecalyx(those
leadingtothelobes)aswellasthelobes,scabrous 3.A.fasciculata
5.Middle2/3ofmainstemandlargestbranchesglabrousto
sparinglyscabrous,butnotharshlyscabrous;branchesspreading
toascending,axillaryhisciclesweaklytowell-developed;5
principalveinsofthecalyxaswellasthelobesusuallygla-
brous,oroccasionallytheveinsofafewcapsulesscabrous.
6.Middle2/3ofmainstemandlargestbranchesscabrous,
thepubescenceobvious,butscatteredonboththestem
facesandangles(avoidareasimmediatelyaroundthenodes);
branchesmostlyascending;axillaryfasciclesusuallywell-
developed,butsometimesonlyweaklyso,thefascicledleaves
oftenapproachingorequalingthesubtendingleavesinlength
3.A.fasciculata
6.Middle2/3ofmainstemandlargestbranchesglabrous
tosubglabrous,thepubescence,whenpresent,conspicu-
ousontheangles(avoidareasimmediatelyaroundthenodes);
branchesmostlyspreading,butsometimesascending,ax-
illaryfasciclesabsentoronlyweaklydeveloped,thefascicleci
leaves,whenpresent,noticeablyshorterthanthesubtending
leaves. 7.A.purpurea
2.L7o.nCgaels)t^^pe5d-i9cemlsm6-l3o0ngm,mlonlgo-ncg,amsplaignhutllaytteo;mcuacpshulleon7g-e1r2thmanmthleoncga,lyexl.-
lipsoidtooblong,longerthanbroad;pedicelserect-ascendingtoarched-
ascending;leavesstifflyascending,harshlyscabrousabove,thehairs
heavilysilicified,appearingmarbled 1.A.aspera
7.Calyx.3-5.5mmlong,hemispherictocampanulate;capsule3.5-6
(-7)mmlong,globoseorobovoid,asbroadaslong;pedicelsspreading
toascending;leavesspreadingtoascending,subglabroustoscabrous,
butifscabrous,thehairsneitherheavilysilicifiednorappearingmarbled.
8.Uppertwolobesofthecorollaarchingorprojectingforwardover
thestamens;corollaglabrouswithinacrossthebaseofthetwo
upperlobes;manypedicelsabruptlyupcurveddistally;axillaryfiscicles
oftenpresent.
9.Stemscabrous;leavesnarrowlylinear,0.8—1.5mmwide;the
twoupperlobesofthecorollaprojectingforwardoverthesta-
mens,halfthelengthofthethreelowerlobes,2—3mmlong;
pedicelsscabrousatleastbasally;anthers3-4mmlong,the
twoupperfilamentsdenselyvillousbasallyanddistally;seeds
0.8-1.6mmlong,thetestacellslargeinproportiontothetotal
sizeoftheseed 6.A.homalantha
9.Stemglabrousorwithafewscatteredhairsontheangles;leaves
lineartonarrowlylanceolate,l-5(-6)mmwide;thetwoup-
perlobesofthecorollaarchedoverthestamens,subequalto
thethreelowerlobes,4-5mmlong;pedicelsglabrous;anthers
1-2.3mmlong,theupperfilamentssparinglyhairythrough-
out,butnotdenselyvillousbasallyanddistally;seeds0.7-1
mmlong,thetestacellssmallinproportiontothetotalsizeof
theseed 9.A.tenuifolia
560 SinAl8(2)
8.Uppertwolobesofthecorollareflexed-spreading;corollapubes-
centwithinacrossthebaseofthetwoupperlobes;pedicelsnot
abruptlyupcur\'eddistally(occasionallyafewpedicelsolA.gattingeri
areupcurveddistally);hisciclesabsent.
10.Outsideof-thethreelowercorollalobespubescent;leavesspreading,
arching,orcurling;ntmierousfloriferous,lateralbranchespresent,
theflowersappearingsolitaryatthenodes,aterminalraceme
rarelydeveloped,theinflorescencemoreracemiform;stemsubterete
to4-angled 4.A.gattingeri
10.Outsideofthethreelowercorollalobesglabrous;leavesmostly
erectandascending;fewtomanybranchesbearingobvious
terminalracemespresent;stemnoticeabh'4-angledandappearing
winecd.
11.Stemscabrousontheangles;fewtomanystronglyascending
branchespresent;calyxhemispherical,thelongestlobes0.7—
1.2mmlons^;friutglobose 8.A.skinneriana
1I.Stemglabrousontheangles;afewtomanywidelyspread-
ingbranchesprcseni;calyxcampanulare,thelongestlobes
1.5-2.2mmIon";fruitobovoid 10.A.viridis
1.Agaiinisaspera(DouglasexBenth.)Britton.(nn-imiiainpemDouglasexBenth.
Stem1-1elm,subglabrousrosparinglyscabrous,thebranchesasccnciing.
Leavesnarrowlylinear,stifflyascending,0.5—1.5mmwide,1.5-4cmlong,
harshlyscabrousabove,presentingamarbledappearance,andfrec|uently
scabrousonthemidveinsbelow,/^^wf/r/f.i'well-developedandalsoascending.
InflorescencessViOYttoelongateracemes.Pedicelserecttoarched-ascending,
stthoeutl,ob5e—s111.m0—m2.5lomngm,tloon1g6.mCmoroilnlafrduiete.pGzp/iyn-kv,ca1m6p—a2n5u(l—at2e8,)5m-m9mlomng,lontgh,e
throatglabrouswithinorwithafewscatteredhairsacrossthebaseofthe
tworeflexed-spreading,npptrlohes.Anthers1.9—2.5mmlong.G7/).c/.^Z?ellipsoid
tooblong,clearlylongerthanbroad,7-12mmlong.SeedshV^cV,0.9-1.1
mmlong. n=\A (Love&Love 1982).Note:vouchernotseen.Flowering
lateAugust-early—October.
Distribution. Dryprairies,openwoodlands,glades,andbluffs.Very
rareintheO/arkHighlands(Fig. 1)—.
Ecologyandconservationstatus. G5; S2 in Arkansas.Although this
specieshasbeenreportedfromArkansas(Smith 1988),Ihavenotfound
anyvouchersspecimens;allspecimenslabeledA.asperafromArkansashave
provedtobeanotherspecies.Agaiinisasperaislargelyaspeciesoftheeastern
GreatPlains,andpopulationsfoundeastwardofthisareaaremostlyperipheral
andotscatteredoccurrence,usuallybeingrestrictedtoxcrichabitats,such
asbluffs,glades,andloesshills.
2.Agaiinisauricuiata(Michx.)S.F.Blake,(iennylindiiriciilataM'\ch\.,OtophylLi
auriculata(Michx.)Small,Tomaritheraauricuiata(Michx.)Rah
Hays,AgalinisintheOzarkHighlands 55]
Stem2-7(-8)dm,retrorselyscabrous,simpletosparinglybranchedabove.
LeavesXznceolditttolance-ovate,theupperwithtwobasal,laterallobes,2.3—
6cmlong,0.5-2(—2.5)cmwide,scabrousaboveandbelow,lateralveins
visibleonbothsurfaces.Inflorescencesspikes.Flowersessentiallysessile,oc-
curringinpairsintheupperleafaxils.Gz/yxcampanulate,10-16mmlong,
thetubespreading-pubescent,thelobes6-12mmlong,scabrous,longer
thanthetube. Corollapink,20-27(-29) mm long,thethroatpubescent
withinacrossthebaseofthetworeflexed-spreading,upperlobes.Anthers
1.9-2.4mmlong. Capsuleovoid,9—14mmlong.Seedsyellowish,1.2—1.6
mmlong. «=13—(Kondo 1973).Hoz/^'mw^lateAugust—September.
Distribution. Dryormesicprairies,fallowfields,bordersofdrywoods,
androadsides.VeryrareintheOz—arkHighlands(Fig.2).
Ecologyandconservationstatus. G3;SI inArkansas,S2inIllinois,S2
inKansas,S2inMissouri,andSi inOklahoma.Althoughararespecies
throughoutitsrange,Agalinisauriculataapparentlycantolerateconsider-
abledisturbance,asevidencedbyitsabilitytopersistindegradedprairies,
fallowfields,grazedmeadows,androadsides.Despitethisapparentablility
totoleratecontinuedhumandisttu'bance,theJasper,Newton,Ozark,and
St.LouisCounty,Missouri,sites,aswellastheSt.ClairCounty,Illinois,
site,arebasedonhistoriccollectionsorthepopulationsarethoughttobe
extirpated. Fortunately,however,thereareanumberofrecentcollections
fromthenorthernhalfofMissouri.
3.Agalinisfasciculata(Elliott)Rafik'mrdiafasciadatnElliott.Gcrnrdiafasciculata
Elliott{.fasciculata.
GemrdiafasciculataElliotthalbifloraPalmer.
Stem2.5-12dm,scabriduloustoharshlyscabrous,muchbranchedon
largerplants,thebranchesascendingorspreading.LeaveslineAvtonarrowly
lanceolate, 1-4cmlong, l-2(-4) mmwide,spreading,arching,orcurl-
ing,scabrousaboveandoftenonthemidveinsbelow.Fasciclespresentand
well-developedorsometimesonlyweaklyso, thefascicledleavesshorter
thantonearlyapproachingthemainleaves,alsospreading,arching,orcurling.
Inflorescencesshorttoelongateracemes.Pedicels2—6mmlong. Calyxcam-
panulatetohemispherical,3—5(-6)mmlong,thelobes0.5-1.5(-2)mm
long,thefiveprincipalveinsofthecalyx(leadingtothecalyxlobes) sca-
brous;corollapinktolightpurple,rarelywhite,15—30mmlong,thethroat
noticeablypubescentwithinacrossthebaseofthetworeflexed-spreading,
lno^n^ge.v5^\o^h^c0s..6A-n1thmerms2l.on5g—,?>d.a5rmkbmrolwonngt.oCb^l/a'cjk'.wn/^='\sAub(gCloabnonsee,149.815)-.6(F—lo7w)emrimng
fromlateAugus—t—lateSeptember.
Distribution. Drytomoistprairies,bordersofwoodsandponds,open
ground,fallowfields,androadsides.ScatteredintheOzarkHighlands(Fig.
562 SiDA18(2)
Flc;.1.PrcsciulyconfirmedcouruyrecordsintheOzarkHighlandsU^vAgtdlfiistispera.
3), occurringmostfrec]ucntlyin rhcwestand southwestportionsofour
area,whereitnearsthenorther—nandnorthwesternmosthmitofitsrange.
Ecologyandconservationstatus. G5;S2inKansas.Inoutayca,A.fasciculata
ismosteasilyconfusedwiththecloselyrelatedandwidespready4.purpurea
(L.) Pennell.LessscabrousspecimensofA.fasciculatawithweaklydevel-
opedfasciclesareespeciallytroublesomeanddifficulttoseparatefromthe
morefascicledandscabrousspecimensof^.purpurea(fortunatelyfewspecimens
posesuchproblems).Itisnottheamountofstempubescenceontheless
scabrousspecimensoiA.fasciculatathatbestdistinguishesitfromthemore
scabrousspecimensof/I.purpurea,butratherthesizeofthehairs,which
Hays,AgalinisintheOzarkHighlands 563
tendtobelargerandbroader-based,andinthedistributionofthepubes-
cence,whichisusuallyscattered,butpresentthroughoutthestemfacesas
wellasontheanglesofthemainsteminA.fasciculata.
Agalinispurpurea,ontheotherhand,hassmoothstemfacesandquite
oftensmoothstemangles.Onanoticeablypubescentplantofy4.purpurea,
thebroad-basedhairsoccurmostlyalongthestemanglesatregularinter-
vals.Itisimportanttorelyonthemiddletwo-thirdsofthemainstemand
largestbrancheswhenmakingobservationsconcerningstempubescence,
asthesmallerbranchesonbothspeciescanbequitescabrous, especially
distally.Inaddition,thenodesshouldbeavoidedwhenrelyingonpubes-
cenceinidentification,becausebothspeciesareusuallyquitescabrousaround
theseareas.
4.Agalinisgattingeri(Small)SmallexBritton. GerardiagattingeriSmzW.
Agalinisskinneriana(sensuHolmgren1986).
Stem1-5dm,subglabroustoslightlyscabrous,withspreadingtosome-
whatascendingbranches.Leavesnarrowlylinear,0.4—1.4mmwide, 1.5—
3(-4)cmlong,spreading,arching,orcurling,slightlyscabrousabove,and
oftenonthemidveinsbelow.Fasciclesabsent.Inflorescenceracemiform,a
trueracemerarelydeveloped,mostflowersappearingsolitaryatthenodes
onnumerousshort,floriferous,lateralbranches.Pedicelsslender,spread-
ing-ascending,4-25(—30) mmlong. Calyxhemispherical,3—5mmlong,
thelobes0.5-1.4mmlong. Corollapinktolightpurple,8-15mmlong,
thethroatnoticeablypubescentacrossthebaseofthetworeflexed-spread-
ing, upperlobes, theoutsideofthethreelowerlobespubescent.Anthers
1.3—2.0mmlong. Capsulesubglobose,4—5mmlong.Seeds0.5-0.9mm
long,yellowish—.;?=13(Canne1984)./7oz^m;2_g'lateAugust—earlyOctober.
Distribution. Dry,openwoodlands,ofteninrockysoilsofchertorsandstone,
bordersofdryforests,dryroadsides,glades,bluffs,andexposedridges.Common
throughouttheOzarkHighlands—(Fig.4).
Ecologyandconservationstatus. None.Holmgren(1986)combinedyl.
gattingeriwithA.skinneriana,butthetwospecieshavebeenshowntobe
distinctbasedonmacromorphologicalandanaromicalevidence(Canne-
Hilliker1987;Canne-HillikerandKampny\^^\).Agalinisgattingeriznd
A.tenuifoliaarethetwomostcommonspeciesintheOzarkHighlandsand
aretheonlytwospeciesthathaveestablishedthemselvesthroughoutthe
regionwithanyfrequency.Ourotherspeciesoccurmostlyontheperiph-
eryoftheHighlandsorarelocalizedwithintheareainparticularhabitat
types.
5.Agalinisheterophylla(Nutt.)SmallexBritton. GerardiaheterophyliaNutt.
Stem3-8dm,glabroustoverysparinglyscabrous,usuallymuchbranched
564 SiDA18(2)
1 I ! 1
Fig.2.PresentlyconfirmedcomuyrecordsindieOzarkFlighlandslorAga/niisai/ria/LiU!.
above.Leaveslinear-lanceolatetolanceolate, 1.5-3.5cmlong, 1.8-6mm
broad,thelowermostsometimes3-cleftorlaciniate,buttheseustiallynot
presentatfloweringtime,scabrousaboveandoccasionallyonthemidveins
below,theundcrsurfacesoflargerstemleaveswithafewtaint,butnotice-
able,lateralveins,(theseveinsusuallynotnoticeableondriedspecimens).
Fasciclesixhseni.Inflorescencesshorttoelongateracemes.Pedicelsswm, 1-3
namlong. Calyxcampanulate, 5.5-10(—l1)mmlong,thelobes3—6mm
long,clearlylongerthanthecalyxtube,usuallywithaprominentmidnei-ve
andappearingribbed. (Joroilapinktolightpurple,20—33 mmlong,the
throatglabrousacrossthebaseofthetworeflexed-spreading,upperlobes.