African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation

2820 Pages·2021·43.065 MB·English

by  Walter Leal Filho, Nicholas Oguge, Desalegn Ayal, Lydia Adeleke, Izael da Silva

Walter Leal Filho
Editor-in-Chief
Nicholas Oguge · Desalegn Ayal
Lydia Adeleke · Izael da Silva
Editors
African
Handbook of
Climate
Change
Adaptation
African Handbook of Climate Change
Adaptation
Walter Leal Filho
Editor-in-Chief
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Nicholas Oguge Desalegn Ayal
(cid:129)
Lydia Adeleke Izael da Silva
Editors
African Handbook of
Climate Change
Adaptation
With610Figuresand361Tables
Editor-in-Chief
WalterLealFilho
ResearchandTransferCentre
“SustainableDevelopmentand
ClimateChangeManagement”
HamburgUniversityofAppliedSciences
Hamburg,Germany
Editors
NicholasOguge DesalegnAyal
UniversityofNairobi CenterforFoodSecurityStudies
Nairobi,Kenya CollegeofDevelopmentStudies
AddisAbabaUniversity
AddisAbaba,Ethiopia
LydiaAdeleke IzaeldaSilva
DepartmentofFisheriesand StrathmoreUniversity
AquacultureTechnology Nairobi,Kenya
FederalUniversityofTechnology
Akure,Nigeria
ISBN978-3-030-45105-9 ISBN978-3-030-45106-6(eBook)
ISBN978-3-030-45107-3(printandelectronicbundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6
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Preface
Climatechangeisamajorglobalchallenge.However,somegeographicalregionsare
more affected than others. One of these regions is the African continent. Due to a
combinationofunfavorablesocioeconomicandmeteorologicalconditions,African
countries are particularly vulnerable to climate change and its impacts. The IPCC
SpecialReport“GlobalWarmingby1.5(cid:1)C”outlinesthefactthatmaintainingglobal
warmingby1.5(cid:1)Cispossible,butalsopointsoutthata2(cid:1)Cincreasecouldleadto
crises in agriculture (rain-fed agriculture could decline by 50% in some African
countries by 2020) and livestock, damage water supplies, and pose an additional
threattocoastalareas.
TheIPCCalsopredictsthatwheatcoulddisappearfromAfricaby2080andthat
maize–astaplefood–maydeclinesignificantlyinsouthernAfrica.Inaddition,arid
and semi-arid soils are likely to increase by up to 8%, which will have serious
implications for livelihoods, poverty reduction, and meeting the UN Sustainable
Development Goals. Pursuing appropriate adaptation strategies is therefore crucial
tomeetthecurrentandfuturechallengesposedbyclimatechange.
DespiterecentprogresssincethesigningoftheParisAgreementin2015andthe
Katowiceclimatepackagein2018,thereisstillmuchtobedonetoraiseawareness
on the relevance of climate issues for African nations. This process of awareness
raising could be supported by specialized publications written by African experts
(orbyexpertsworkingintheregion),basedontherealitiesontheAfricancontinent,
and comprehensively documenting and disseminating the many ideas, approaches,
methods,andprojectsbeingimplementedacrossAfricatoday.
Based on the need to address the above issues that the African Handbook of
Climate Change Adaptation has been produced. It discusses current thinking and
presentssomeofthemainissuesandchallengesrelatedtoclimatechangeinAfrica,
aswellasevidencesfromawiderangeofstudiesandprojectsthatshowhowclimate
changeadaptationisbeing–andcancontinuetobe–successfullyimplementedin
African countries. Thanks to its scope and wide range of topics related to climate
change,thisbookisintendedtobecomeaflagshippublicationonthesubject.
Thishandbooksharessomeofthelatestresearchfindingsonclimatechangeand
itsimpactsinAfrica.AndapartfromhavingprovidedseniorAfricanresearchersand
representatives from government and non-governmental organizations with a plat-
form for the documentation and dissemination of their work, it provides an
v
vi Preface
opportunity for young scholars from Africa to present their research and climate
adaptationprojects.Somespecialfeaturesofthepublicationare:
1. Over 100 scientific contributions written by African researchers and/or
researchersbasedinAfrica
2. All contributions have been peer reviewed by an international editorial team
consistingofeditors,associateeditors,andreviewers
3. ItrepresentsallAfricanregionsandcontexts,fromNorth,East,andWestAfrica
toSouthernAfrica.
ThebodyofinformationandknowledgewhichcharacterizestheAfricanHand-
book of Climate Change Adaptation is of particular value to: early career and
established researchers whose research and studies examine aspects related to
climate change and climate change mitigation and adaptation in Africa; social
institutions working on climate change and climate adaptation in Africa that need
newinformation;nongovernmentalorganizations(NGOs);associationsandcompa-
nies, especially from the finance and insurance sectors; government institutions
(ministriesoftheenvironment,planningcommittees,etc.);internationalandnational
aidorganizations;andotheractorsinAfricawhoseactivitiesareaffectedbyclimate
change.
The handbook provides an overview of the impacts of climate change on the
Africancontinentandthemethodscurrentlybeingusedtoimplementclimatechange
adaptation. The experiences from the contributors will also be useful for interna-
tional andregionalexpertsworking inthefieldof climate change andplanning,as
well as for all those interested in the linkages between climate change and climate
adaptation. In order to support the training of a new generation of scientists, the
AfricanHandbookofClimateChangeAdaptationwillbeespeciallyusedbyyoung
scientists(M.Sc.students,Ph.D.students,andpostdoctoralstudents).
And, as importantly, the fact that this publication is available via open access
means that it is free and can be read and used by all those interested on matters
related to climate change adaptation in Africa, without any costs. Here, the editors
wouldliketothanktheassistanceprovidedbytheGermanMinistryforInternational
Cooperation(BMZ),whosesupporthasmadethispossible.
Theeditorswouldalsoliketothanktheauthorsfortheirhardwork,theirpatience
duringthepeer-reviewprocess,andwillingnesstosharetheirknowledgewithawide
audience.Thanksarealsoduetotheassociate editors andreviewersfor dedicating
their time in the assessments of their manuscripts. Their support is greatly
appreciated.
WehopethattheAfricanHandbookofClimateChangeAdaptationwillsupport
theregionalandglobaleffortstoassistAfricannationshandlethemanychallenges
posedbyachangingclimate.
May2021 TheEditors
Acknowledgments
WeacknowledgethesupportprovidedbytheGermanFederalMinistryofEconomic
CooperationandDevelopment(BundesministeriumfürwirtschaftlicheZusammenarbeit
und Entwicklung), which has made it possible to produce the African Handbook of
ClimateChangeAdaptationasanopenaccesspublication.
TheeditorsalsoacknowledgethesupportprovidedbytheInternationalClimate
ChangeInformationandResearchProgamme(ICCIRP)andthestaffattheResearch
andTransferCentre“SustainableDevelopmentandClimateChangeManagement”
attheHamburgUniversityofAppliedSciencesfortheassistanceinthepromotion
andmonitoringoftheproject,aswellasinsupportingtheauthors.
vii
Contents
Volume 1
PartI ClimateChange,Agriculture,andFoodSecurity .......... 1
1 AdaptationofSeaweedFarmersinZanzibartotheImpacts
ofClimateChange ..................................... 3
GeorgiadeJongCleyndert,RebeccaNewman,CecileBrugere,
AidaCuni-Sanchez,andRobertMarchant
2 AdaptationofSmall-ScaleTeaandCoffeeFarmersinKenya
toClimateChange ..................................... 29
AliceNyawiraKaruri
3 AdaptiveCapacitytoMitigateClimateVariabilityandFood
InsecurityofRuralCommunitiesAlongRiverTanaBasin,
Kenya .............................................. 49
DavidKarienyeandJosephMacharia
4 AgriculturalInterventionstoEnhanceClimateChange
AdaptationofUnderutilizedRootandTuberCrops .......... 61
JosephP.Gweyi-Onyango,MichaelAjanjaSakha,andJoyceJefwa
5 Farmers’AdaptiveCapacitytoClimateChangeinAfrica:
Small-ScaleFarmersinCameroon ........................ 87
NyongPrincelyAwazi,MartinNgankamTchamba,
LucieFeliciteTemgoua,andMarie-LouiseTientcheu-Avana
6 AssessmentofFarmers’IndigenousTechnologyAdoptions
forClimateChangeAdaptationinNigeria .................. 117
IdowuOlogeh,FrancisAdesina,andVictorSobanke
7 CaseforClimateSmartAgricultureinAddressingtheThreat
ofClimateChange ..................................... 131
JohnSaviourYawEleblu,EugeneTenkorangDarko,and
EricYirenkyiDanquah
ix
x Contents
8 SorghumFarmers’ClimateChangeAdaptationStrategiesin
theSemiaridRegionofCameroon ........................ 147
SaléAbou,MadiAli,AnselmeWakponou,andArmelSambo
9 AttainingFoodSecurityintheWakeofClimaticRisks:
LessonsfromtheDeltaStateofNigeria .................... 167
EromoseE.Ebhuoma
10 TiedRidgesandBetterCottonBreedsforClimateChange
Adaptation ........................................... 181
R.Mandumbu,C.Nyawenze,J.T.Rugare,G.Nyamadzawo,
C.Parwada,andH.Tibugari
11 DeterminantsofCattleFarmers’PerceptionofClimate
ChangeintheDryandSubhumidTropicalZonesofBenin
(WestAfrica) ......................................... 197
YayaIdrissou,AlassanSeidouAssani,MohamedNasserBaco,and
IbrahimAlkoiretTraoré
12 DriversofLevelofAdaptationtoClimateChangeinSmallholder
FarmingSystemsinSouthernAfrica:AMultilevelModeling
Approach ............................................ 213
ByronZamasiya,KefasiNyikahadzoi,andBillyBilliardMukamuri
13 EconomicAnalysisofClimate-SmartAgricultureTechnologies
inMaizeProductioninSmallholderFarmingSystems ........ 225
AngelineMujeyiandMaxwellMudhara
14 RoleofCassavaandSweetpotatoinMitigatingDroughtin
Semi-AridMakueniCountyinKenya ..................... 241
C.M.GithunguriandE.N.Njiru
15 FoodSecurityConcerns,ClimateChange,andSeaLevelRise
inCoastalCameroon ................................... 261
WilfredA.Abia,ComfortA.Onya,ConaliusE.Shum,
WillietteE.Amba,KareenL.Niba,andEuchariaA.Abia
16 ImpactsofClimateChangetoPoultryProductioninAfrica:
AdaptationOptionsforBroilerChickens ................... 275
M.O.AbiojaandJ.A.Abiona
17 ClimateChangeAdaptationOptionsinFarmingCommunities
ofSelectedNigerianEcologicalZones ..................... 297
AyansinaAyanlade,IsaacAyoOluwatimilehin,
AdeolaA.Oladimeji,GodwinAtai,andDamilolaT.Agbalajobi
18 PlantsandPlantProductsinLocalMarketsWithinBenin
CityandEnvirons ..................................... 315
MosesEdwinOsawaruandMatthewChidozieOgwu
Contents xi
19 RetoolingSmallholderFarmingSystemsforClimateChange
ResilienceAcrossBotswanaAridZones .................... 339
NnyaladziBatisani,FloraPule-Meulenberg,UtlwangBatlang,
FedericaMatteoli,andNelsonTselaesele
20 AgroecologyandClimateChangeAdaptation:Farmers’
ExperiencesintheSouthAfricanLowveld .................. 363
CrytonZazuandAnriManderson
21 ClimateChangeandVariabilityonFoodSecurityofRural
Household:CentralHighlands,Ethiopia ................... 379
ArgawTesfayeandArragawAlemayehu
22 IntangibleandIndirectCostsofAdaptationtoClimateVariability
AmongMaizeFarmers:ChirumanzuDistrict,Zimbabwe ...... 397
DumisaniShokoKori,JosephFrancis,andJethroZuwarimwe
23 ClimateVariabilityandRuralLivelihoodSecurity:
ImpactsandImplications ............................... 423
KehindeOlayinkaPopoola,AnneJerneck,and
SundayAdesolaAjayi
24 ClimateChangeImpactonSoilMoistureVariability:Health
EffectsofRadonFluxDensityWithinOgbomoso,Nigeria ..... 437
OlukunleOlaonipekunOladapo,LeonardKofitseAmekudzi,
OlatundeMichealOni,AbrahamAdewaleAremu,and
MarianAmoakowaahOsei
25 AfricanYamBeantheChoiceforClimateChangeResilience:
NeedforConservationandPolicy ........................ 453
C.V.Nnamani,D.B.Adewale,H.O.Oselebe,andC.J.Atkinson
26 UnderutilizedIndigenousVegetables’(UIVs)Businessin
SouthwesternNigeria:ClimateAdaptationStrategies ......... 471
V.A.Tanimonure
27 Farmers’AdoptionofClimateSmartPracticesforIncreased
ProductivityinNigeria ................................. 495
B.E.FawoleandS.A.Aderinoye-Abdulwahab
28 ClimateChangeAdaptationStrategiesAmongCerealFarmers
inKwaraState,Nigeria ................................. 509
S.A.Aderinoye-AbdulwahabandT.A.Abdulbaki
29 DualPathwayModelofResponsesBetweenClimateChangeand
LivestockProduction ................................... 523
AdetunjiOroyeIyiola-Tunji,JamesIjampyAdamu,
PaulApaguJohn,andIdrisMuniru