Table Of ContentAFRICAN HISTORIES
AND MODERNITIES
African Experience in the
Application of the Development
Aid Effectiveness Principles
The Case of Kenya
Daniel Kipleel Borter · Nadeem Malik
African Histories and Modernities
Series Editors
Toyin Falola, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
Matthew M. Heaton, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
This book series serves as a scholarly forum on African contributions
to and negotiations of diverse modernities over time and space, with
a particular emphasis on historical developments. Specifically, it aims to
refute the hegemonic conception of a singular modernity, Western in
origin, spreading out to encompass the globe over the last several decades.
Indeed, rather than reinforcing conceptual boundaries or parameters, the
series instead looks to receive and respond to changing perspectives on
an important but inherently nebulous idea, deliberately creating a space
in which multiple modernities can interact, overlap, and conflict. While
privileging works that emphasize historical change over time, the series
will also feature scholarship that blurs the lines between the historical and
the contemporary, recognizing the ways in which our changing under-
standings of modernity in the present have the capacity to affect the way
we think about African and global histories.
Editorial Board
Akintunde Akinyemi, Literature, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
Malami Buba, African Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies,
Yongin, South Korea
Emmanuel Mbah, History, CUNY, College of Staten Island, USA
Insa Nolte, History, University of Birmingham, USA
Shadrack Wanjala Nasong’o, International Studies, Rhodes College, USA
Samuel Oloruntoba, Political Science, TMALI, University of South
Africa, South Africa
Bridget Teboh, History, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA
·
Daniel Kipleel Borter Nadeem Malik
African Experience
in the Application
of the Development
Aid Effectiveness
Principles
The Case of Kenya
Daniel Kipleel Borter Nadeem Malik
Melbourne, VIC, Australia University of Melbourne
Parkville, VIC, Australia
ISSN 2634-5773 ISSN 2634-5781 (electronic)
African Histories and Modernities
ISBN 978-981-19-8367-2 ISBN 978-981-19-8368-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8368-9
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
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Acknowledgements
Many people have helped us in conducting the research and writing
this book. First and foremost, we wish to recognise the role of the
rural farming communities in Kenya for sharing their views on the issues
discussed in the book. Without their unconditional support, this book
could never have seen the light of the day.
We thank the government officials, donor representatives, policy
experts, and CBO and NGO representatives for their willingness, enthu-
siasm to participate and volunteer information for this research. We
appreciate the Ministry of Agriculture and especially the State Depart-
ment of Livestock at the headquarters and various field locations that
were visited for their support for this work. No space will be enough to
thank research respondents especially the focus groups that convened at
Wote and Kathonzweni in Makueni, Molo, Bahati, Subukia, and Njoro in
Nakuru and Matuga, Shimba Hills, Lukore and Kinango in Kwale.
We are indebted to Dr. Lilian Kirimi of Tegemeo Institute of Agricul-
tural Policy and Development, without whom we could never navigated
the direction of this research in a jumble of possibilities and the different
ways and styles we could adopt in formulating our argument. Finally, we
acknowledge various other individuals and officials for their enduring help
accessing research respondents, including David Musyoki and Mr. Sila
of Makueni, Francis Kangumo and Haji Mzee of Kwale and Matthew
Mutuku and David Muthima of Nakuru, and Rosemary Mwanza of
ASDSP among others.
v
Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 6
1.2 Research Questions 15
1.3 Research Design 18
1.4 Data: Selection, Collection and Analysis 20
1.4.1 Selection 20
1.4.2 Data Collection Methods 21
1.4.3 Key Informant Interviews 22
1.4.4 Focus Group Discussions 23
1.4.5 Document Content Analysis 24
1.4.6 Participant Observation 24
1.5 Data Analysis 25
1.6 Structure of the Book 26
References 27
2 Aid Effectiveness, International Policy Transfer
and Development and Post-Development Theory 33
2.1 The Historical Background of Aid and Aid
Effectiveness 34
2.2 Reforms, Conditions and Aid Effectiveness 37
2.3 The Aid Effectiveness Principles and the Concept
of Ownership 42
2.4 Aid Effectiveness Principles and Africa’s Agriculture
Sector 47
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.5 Aid Effectiveness Principles And Non-DAC Donors 48
2.6 International Policy Transfer and Diffusion and Aid
Effectiveness Principles 49
2.7 Theory of International Policy Diffusion 52
2.7.1 Coercion 52
2.7.2 Learning 53
2.7.3 Competition, Cooperative Interdependence
and Symbolic Imitation 54
2.8 Other Mechanisms 56
2.9 Policy Diffusion and Situating Aid Effectiveness
Principles 57
2.10 Aid Effectiveness Principles and Development
and Post-Development Literature 59
References 62
3 Aid and Agriculture Sector in Kenya: A Focus on Major
Stakeholders 75
3.1 Small-Scale Farmers: General Perspective 76
3.1.1 Small-Scale Farming as an Occupation
and the Food Security Objective 78
3.1.2 Small-Scale Farmer Organisation
and the Missing Farmer “Voice” 84
3.2 Overview of Kenya’s Ministry of Agriculture,
Livestock and Fisheries Development 90
3.2.1 The Ministry’s National Office
and Donor-Funded Programmes 93
3.2.2 County Offices and Donor-Funded
Programmes 97
3.3 Non-governmental Organisations
and Community-Based Organisations 103
3.4 The Private Sector 107
3.5 Conclusion 110
References 112
4 Aid Effectiveness and Kenya’s Agricultural Policy
and Strategy-Making Processes 129
4.1 Agricultural Policy Initiation Processes 130
4.1.1 The Ministry Bureaucracy and the Politicians 133
4.1.2 Input of the Policy Experts 136
CONTENTS ix
4.1.3 The Influence of NGOs, CBOs and Farmer
Organisations 138
4.1.4 Influence of Donors 142
4.2 The Essentials of Agricultural Public Policy-Making
Processes 151
4.3 The Agriculture Sector Strategy 153
4.4 Conclusion 159
References 163
5 Aid Effectiveness and Perspectives and Practices
of Donors 181
5.1 Introduction 181
5.2 Donors and the Kenyan Government System 183
5.2.1 The Case of the Swedish International
Development Agency (SIDA) 183
5.2.2 The Case of Germany’s GiZ 186
5.2.3 The Case of Multilateral Agencies 188
5.3 Donors Implementing Stand-Alone Projects
with Government Partnership: The Case of Japan’s
JICA 193
5.4 Implementing Programmes through NGOs: The Case
of USAID 198
5.5 Donors Working with Private Sector “Trade
and Economic Relationship” 202
5.6 Conclusion 208
References 211
6 The Aid Effectiveness Architecture and Kenya’s
Agriculture Sector 223
6.1 Introduction 223
6.2 Gaps: Overall Aid Coordination 226
6.3 Aid Effectiveness Architecture Within the Kenyan
Government 230
6.4 Spotlight on Coordination Efforts Among Donors 233
6.5 Donors and Government: The Fate of Joint Efforts
in Sector Coordination 235
6.6 Effectiveness Structures: A Focus on Kenyan
Government Agency 239
6.7 Conclusion 242
x CONTENTS
References 244
7 Overall Conclusion 247
References 255
Index 257
