Aeration: Principles and Practice, Volume 11 (Water Quality Management Library)

349 Pages·2002·31.514 MB·English

by  James Mueller, William C. Boyle, Ing. H. Johannes Popel

VOLUME 11
AERATION:
Principles
and Practice
WATER
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
LIBRARY
LIBRARY EDITORS
W. W. ECKENFELDER
J. F. MALINA, JR.
J. W. PATTERSON
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT LIBRARY
The immense environmental challenges facing the world now and in coming
years can only be met through marshalling the talents of the best environmental
engineers and scientists and through the use of innovative, cost-effective
solutions.
The Water Quality Management Library addresses these challenges
and reflects the organized efforts of leading international experts. Collectively,
the eleven volumes in this library are a pertinent and timely compendium of
water pollution control and water quality management. They form a unique
reference source of international expertise and practice in key aspects of
modern water pollution science and technology. With such valuable
communication of knowledge using these and other books, we can hope to
overcome the critical environmental issues challenging us today.
Volume 1 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS DESIGN AND CONTROL:
Theory and Practice—Second Edition
Volume 2 UPGRADING WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS—
Second Edition
Volume 3 TOXICITY REDUCTION: Evaluation and Control—
Second Edition
Volume 4 MUNICIPAL SEWAGE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT: A
Reference Text on Processing, Utilization and Disposal—
Second Edition
Volume 5 DESIGN AND RETROFIT OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS FOR BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL
Volume 6 DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF WASTEWATER
SYSTEMS— Second Edition
Volume 7 DESIGN OF ANAEROBIC PROCESSES FOR THE
TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTES
Volume 8 GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION
Volume 9 NONPOINT POLLUTION AND URBAN
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Volume 10 WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE
Volume 11 AERATION: Principles and Practice
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
VOLUME 11
AERATION:
Principles
and Practice
James A. Mueller, Ph.D., P.E.
William C. Boyle, Ph.D., P.E.
H. Johannes Pöpel, Dr.-Ing
with significant contributions from:
Martin Wagner
David E. Gibson
Yeong-Kwan Kim
WATER
QUALITY
MANAGEMENT
LIBRARY
LIBRARY EDITORS
W. W. ECKENFELDER
J. F. MALINA, JR.
J. W. PATTERSON
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mueller, James A.
Aeration : principles and practice / James A. Mueller, William C. Boyle, H. Johannes
Pöpel ; with significant contributions from Martin Wagner, David E. Gibson,
Yeong-Kwan Kim.
p. cm. — (Water quality management library)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-56676-948-5 (alk. paper)
1. Sewage—Purification—Aeration. I. Boyle, William C. (William Charles), 1936– II.
Pöpel, H. Johannes. III. Title. IV. Series.
TD758 .M84 2002
628.3′5—dc21 2001052466
CIP
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International Standard Book Number 1-56676-948-5
Library of Congress Card Number 2001052466
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
Dedication
To our wives:
MaryBeth, Nancy, and Ursula
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Preface
The use of aeration in the wastewater treatment field has been in existence for over
a century. Each of the authors has been involved with the theory and application of
aeration systems for a little less than half a century. It was a daunting task to put
together what we considered the important principles underlying the mechanisms
involved in aeration and show how they are applied in practical applications. The
objective was to not only provide the basic theory, but also the current practice and
latest applications, so the book would be useful to today’s professional engineers as
well as to future engineers now studying the field.
The task was conceived in the early 1990s by Wes Eckenfelder, who recognized
a gap in the field. After a number of false starts, and with Bill and I soliciting the
assistance of Johannes at the WEF convention in Chicago in 1997, it was begun in
earnest in 1998—taking several years to complete. Johannes supplied an in-depth
theoretical background as well as the European experience, especially in deep tank
aeration. Bill supplied his experience in the diffused aeration area, and his desire to
continually find the state of the art and how it is—and should be—practiced today.
I enjoyed tying the theory and practice together to attain a good understanding of
the most recent applications.
We received much assistance from our colleagues in the field. Especially noted
on the title page are those who spent a great deal of time and effort providing critical
input. They provided a needed jolt for each author to finish the endeavor by their
knowledge of the field, review of concepts, and critical editing when required.
I would especially like to mention the assistance of a number of former students
at Manhattan College. Richard Carbonaro scanned critical pictures while Rosanne
Schirtzer, Clayton Conklin, Kevin Clarke and Sue Hildreth dug into the economics
data from various agencies, a daunting task in itself. John Gormley, Engineering
Librarian at Manhattan, continually obtained needed references and ran critical
interference allowing me to ignore due dates.
The assistance of large municipal agencies in supplying critical information is
acknowledged. The New York City Department of Environmental Protection,
NYCDEP (especially Robert Adamski, John Leonforte, James G. Mueller (son),
Hilary Einsohn, and Siobahn Rohan), coordinated efforts to obtain cost information
on the New York City plants. The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater
Chicago, MWRDGC (especially Hugh McMillan), provided the latest developments
on the Chicago side channel aeration systems. The Middlesex County Utilities
Authority, MCUA (especially Victor Santamarina), supplied insights into their high
purity oxygen system upgrade.
Most of all I would like to thank God for giving us the energy and insights to
complete this book. I look forward to it continuing to shed light on the profession
and leading to the design and development of better aeration systems.
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
The poem that follows was composed by Jim McKeown, a member of our
original oxygen transfer standards committee, who died of cancer in the winter of
1990–1991. It gives a bit of the history of the standards work, supported by the
USEPA and ASCE, that Bill and I were involved with since 1976. It is a reminder
that our work should never get the best of us—not above our relationships with each
other, and with our God.
James A. Mueller
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
To the Study of the Drop and the Bubble
James J. McKeown
This is a poor story about
the dirty water band
who took to the field
when standardization was at hand.
After all, wasn’t it clear,
although the data wasn’t “purty,”
what was named the clean water test
was really very dirty.
The next step was upon us
it took only a spark of inspiration
for our band to begin the search
for the transfer of mass during respiration.
So we left the mainstream,
unfortunately, to no one’s real sorrow
to pursue our fair dream
in a breach where Whittier did Narrow.
The first results were so startling,
every possible relationship linear,
we had to move east—to avoid the critique—
our findings were true, but only in Califor-ni-a.
Where we could test
to avoid bias oracle;
where wastewater was
by all standards, categorical.
Who could argue with respiration, although lazy
extracted from sewage
undergoing renovation
in New Jersey?
Convinced by such rationale
supported by those seeking to prove
that if things aren’t quite right once
then they are always right when dual.
We joined the band within site
of sometime energetic Indian Point
where sometime aeration interfered
with our living in an otherwise elegant joint.
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Although we did proudly stand,
our bloom soon lost its peak
when K a escaped us
L
through an insidious leak.
Suitably humbled, we moved on
to further learn that
the non-steady test couldn’t be rushed
when for nearly 20 minutes all in Ridgewood
town, everyone, refused to flush.
Let’s not forget good can come from bad
for here in course bubbly, we examined off-gas.
And also, it can now be reported to superman’s value,
we corralled fair krypton here by switching from
plastic to glass.
Undaunted we moved on to finale grand
all planned to succeed where Miller had fallen
now was the time to again make our stand.
We would continue to search to stoop to
lower ourselves to the depths where oxygen did lurk
barely dissolved in such dirty water
that we even enlisted one we called daughter—uh
clerk.
But success was to come
from more than mere traces.
Rather, from working together
with methods as different
as different as the looks on our faces.
Now, you think we were done,
but an epilogue beckons.
Because this band, as a group
learned of martinis Cajun and riverboat soup,
not to mention, the proper way to eat grapefruit.
But most important, to leave some work undone
so we could meet once more
to march to the cadence and the lure
in search of a sponsor to help us continue to work
toward making dirty water—pure.
March 23, 1984
ASCE Oxygen Transfer Standards Committee
Coronado, California
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Intended Audience
1.3 Bibliography
Chapter 2 Principles
2.1 Mass Transfer Principles
2.2 Application to Oxygen Transfer
2.3 Design Equations
2.4 Nomenclature
2.5 Bibliography
Chapter 3 Diffused Aeration
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Description of Diffused Aeration Systems
3.3 Diffused Air System Layouts
3.4 Performance of Diffused Air Systems
3.5 Diffused Air System Design
3.6 Nomenclature
3.7 Bibliography
Chapter 4 Deep Tank Aeration with Blower and
Compressor Considerations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Oxygen Transfer in Deep Tanks
4.3 Aeration Efficiency in Deep Tanks
4.4 Nomenclature
4.5 Bibliography
Chapter 5 Surface and Mechanical Aeration
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Low-Speed Surface Aerators
5.3 High-Speed or Motor Speed Aerators
5.4 Horizontal Rotors
5.5 Submerged Turbine Aerators
5.6 Aspirating Aerators
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC