Table Of ContentAdvances on Modeling in Tissue Engineering
Computational Methods in Applied Sciences
Volume20
SeriesEditor
E.Oñate
International CenterforNumericalMethodsinEngineering (CIMNE)
TechnicalUniversityofCatalonia(UPC)
EdificioC-1,CampusNorteUPC
GranCapitán,s/n
08034Barcelona, Spain
[email protected]
www.cimne.com
Forothertitlespublished inthisseries, goto
www.springer.com/series/6899
Paulo R. Fernandes (cid:127) Paulo Jorge Bártolo
Editors
Advances on Modeling
in Tissue Engineering
Editors
Paulo R. Fernandes Paulo Jorge Bártolo
Instituto Superior Técnico Polytechnic Institute of Leiria
Technical University of Lisbon Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product
IDMEC – Instituto de Engenharia Leiria
Mecânica Portugal
Av. Rovisco Pais 1 [email protected]
1049-001 Lisboa
Portugal
[email protected]
ISSN 1871-3033
ISBN 978-94-007-1253-9 e-ISBN 978-94-007-1254-6
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1254-6
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011926999
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without
written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the
purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the
work.
Cover design: SPi Publisher Services
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Contents
Preface vii
Cell Mechanics: The Role of Simulation 1
Christopher R. Jacobs and Daniel J. Kelly
Multiscale Modelling of Bone Tissue – Remodelling
and Application to Scaffold Design 15
Helder C. Rodrigues, Pedro G. Coelho, Paulo R. Fernandes
Nonlinear Elastic Scaffold Design, Modeling and Fabrication
for Soft Tissue Engineering 35
Scott J. Hollister, Claire G. Jeong, J. Jakob Schwiedrzik,
Anna G. Mitsak, Heesuk Kang, Francesco Migneco
Computational Techniques for Selection of Biomaterial Scaffolds
for Tissue Engineering 55
S. Checa, C. Sandino, D.P. Byrne, D.J. Kelly, D. Lacroix
and P.J. Prendergast
Modelling Bone Tissue Engineering. Towards an understanding
of the role of scaffold design parameters 71
José A. Sanz-Herrera, Manuel Doblaré and José M. García-Aznar
Geometric Modeling and Analysis of Bone Micro–Structures
as a Base for Scaffold Design 91
Y. Holdstein, L. Podshivalov, A. Fischer
Electrospinning and Tissue Engineering 111
Geoffrey R. Mitchell and Fred Davis
Biofabrication Strategies for Tissue Engineering 137
Paulo Jorge Bártolo, Marco Domingos, Tatiana Patrício,
Stefania Cometa, Vladimir Mironov
Preface
Tissue Engineering is a multidisciplinary field involving scientists from different
fields like medicine, chemistry, material science, engineering and biology. The
development of mathematical methods is quite relevant to understand cell biology
and human tissues as well to model, design and fabricate optimized and smart
scaffolds.
The scientific interest of the computational mechanics community in this field,
lead us to organize the First International ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on
Tissue Engineering, held at the Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product
Development of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal, from July 9-11,
2009. It was a very successful event bringing together a considerable number of
researchers from all over the world, representing several fields of study related to
Tissue Engineering.
This conference had a number of distinguished keynote speakers that kindly
agree to contribute to this book. The book consists of eight chapters describing the
state of the art on computational modeling and fabrication in tissue engineering.
We are deeply grateful to the all the contributing authors.
The Editors would also like to thank the European Community on Computational
Methods in Applied Sciences (ECCOMAS), the Portuguese Association of
Theoretical Applied and Computational Mechanics (APMTAC), the Portuguese
Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), the Institute of Mechanical
Engineering (IDMEC/IST) and the Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product
Development of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria (CDRsp), for supporting the
Conference.
Paulo R. Fernandes
Paulo J. Bártolo
Cell mechanics: The role of simulation
Christopher R. Jacobs and Daniel J. Kelly 1
Abstract Computer simulation is one of the most powerful tools available to the
applied mechanician to understand the complexities of mechanical behavior. It has
revolutionized design of virtually all man-made structures from aircraft and
buildings to cell phones and computers. It has also become a relatively important
tool in biomechanics and simulation of tissues and implants has become routine.
Indeed we appear to be on the verge of patient specific simulation becoming a
critical tool in orthopaedic and cardiovascular surgery. However, its use as a tool
of basic science is much less clear. In this chapter we explore the potential for
mechanical simulation to contribute to improve fundamental understanding of
biology. We consider the challenges of creating a model of a mechanobiological
system with experimental validation. We propose that the area of cell mechanics is
a particular area where simulation can make critically important contributions to
understanding basic physiology and pathology and outline potential areas of future
advancement.
1 Introduction
This manuscript is divided into three main sections. The topic of the first section
was inspired by a Keynote lecture given at the 2007 European Society for
Biomechanics Summer Workshop on Finite Element Analysis [1]. In this talk the
author reviewed the role of simulation in making insights into biology and focused
specifically on the capabilities and limitations of computer modeling to accomplish
real hypothesis-testing-based investigation in biology. The contrast was made
between hypothesis testing and descriptive research such as showing associations
between mechanical and biological parameters or behavior. The conclusion is that
one area where simulation might play an increasingly important role in identifying
Christopher R. Jacobs
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA,
email: [email protected]
Daniel J. Kelly
Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,
email: [email protected]
P.R. Fernandes and P.J. Bártolo (eds.), Advances on Modeling in Tissue Engineering, 1
Computational Methods in Applied Sciences 20, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1254-6_1,
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
2 Christopher R. Jacobs and Daniel J. Kelly
biologic mechanistic behavior is cell mechanics. Indeed, it is for the most part
difficult or impossible to experimentally quantify the mechanical state of a cell,
suggesting that simulation can provide a valuable tool, particularly in the area of
cell mechanobiology. Mechanobiology being the study of how biological systems
sense and respond to mechanical signals in contrast to biomechanics, or the study
of the mechanical behavior of biological systems [2]. We begin, in section 2, with
a discussion of the potential and limitations of computer simulation of mechanical
behavior. With this foundation, section 3 is a mini literature review of current
work in cell mechanics, and section 4 is a brief discussion of exciting possibilities
for the future.
2 What is the Role of Mechanical Simulation in cell Biology?
The finite element method has emerged as an incredibly powerful tool for
numerical simulation of highly complex structures. It allows skilled engineers to
accurately predict mechanical response incorporating aspects such as complex
geometries, inhomogeneous materials, and complex material behavior such as
anisotropy and non-linear behavior. It can also be used to simulate adaptive
material behavior such as bone remodeling to specific loading conditions [3, 4]. In
addition, modern simulation software has removed many of the time-consuming
simulation tasks such as discretization and made simulation available to many
more investigators than ever before. However, this ease of use also greatly
increases the potential for misuse of the method and the prediction of inaccurate
results. Furthermore, these erroneous predictions can appear to be quite
authoritative due to sophisticated 3D graphical rendering software.
2.1 Verification, Validation, and Sensitivity
Anderson, Ellis, and Weiss [5] describe the process by which accuracy can be
assured through considering three distinct aspects, verification, validation, and
sensitivity analysis. The first, verification, involves ensuring that the software
being employed is indeed computing a correct solution to the given problem, or
correctly solving the equations. In other words, verification is ensuring that there
are no errors in programming or bugs in the software package. Often in
biomechanics, it is taken on faith that commercial software does in fact converge
to a correct solution. Generally this is a safe assumption, however there are some
infamous counter-examples [5]. More significant challenges result from issues of
capturing singular behavior at non-smooth boundaries, ensuring adequate mesh
refinement, non-linear material behavior, and properly dealing with contact
behavior. In these cases it is simple to use a commercial code to obtain essentially
meaningless results that certainly appear convincing [5] .
