Table Of ContentAdvances in Novel Formulations
for Drug Delivery
Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Advances in Novel Formulations
for Drug Delivery
Edited by
Raj K. Keservani
Faculty of B. Pharmacy, CSM Group of Institutions, Prayagraj, India
Rajesh Kumar Kesharwani
Department of Computer Application, Nehru Gram Bharati (Deemed to be University),
Prayagraj, India
and
Anil K. Sharma
School of Medical and Allied Sciences, GD Goenka University, Gurugram, India
This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener
Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-394-16643-5
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xxiii
Part I: Novel Drug Carriers and Therapeutics 1
1 Nanoarchitectured Materials: Their Applications and Present Scenarios
in Drug Delivery 3
Moreshwar P. Patil and Lalita S. Nemade
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Liposomes 4
1.3 Nanoparticles 8
1.3.1 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 9
1.4 Nanoemulsions 10
1.4.1 Advantages and Shortcomings of Nanoemulsions 10
1.4.2 Application of Nanoemulsion in Drug Delivery 10
1.5 Dendrimers 11
1.5.1 Synthesis of Dendrimers 12
1.5.2 Advantages of Dendrimers 12
1.5.3 Applications of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery 12
1.6 Aquasomes 15
1.6.1 Properties of Aquasomes 15
1.6.2 Application of Aquasomes in Drug Delivery 16
1.7 Nanogel 16
1.7.1 Properties of Nanogels 17
1.7.2 Nanogels in Drug Delivery 17
1.8 Quantum Dots 18
1.8.1 Applications of Quantum Dots in Drug Delivery 19
1.9 Carbon Nanotubes 19
1.9.1 Features of Carbon Nanotubes 19
1.9.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery 20
References 20
2 Nanopharmaceuticals for Drug Delivery 29
Swapnali Ashish Patil, Akshadha Atul Bakliwal, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal
and Swati Gokul Talele
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 What Are Nanopharmaceuticals and What Do They Do? 30
2.3 Nanopharmaceuticals Importance 30
v
vi Contents
2.4 Nanotechnology 30
2.5 Pharmaceutical Companies and Nanotechnology 31
2.6 Applications and Advantages of Nanopharmaceuticals as Drug Carriers 32
2.7 Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 32
2.7.1 Particle Size 32
2.7.2 Surface Properties of Nanoparticles 33
2.7.3 Drug Loading 33
2.7.4 Drug Release 34
2.8 Targeted Drug Delivery 34
2.9 Types of Nanoparticles 34
2.10 Nanoparticle Preparation Methods 35
2.11 Evaluation of Nanoparticles 35
2.12 Efficiency of Drug Entrapment 37
2.13 Particle Shape 37
2.14 Size of the Particles 37
2.15 Zeta Potential 37
2.16 Rise of Nanopharmaceuticals 38
2.17 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations) 39
2.18 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future 40
References 41
3 Applications and Prospects of Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery 45
Hemant K. S. Yadav, Fejer Al mohammedawi and Rawan J. I. Abujarad
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Nanopharmaceuticals 46
3.3 Development of Nanopharmaceuticals 46
3.3.1 From Lab to the Marketplace 46
3.3.2 Techniques 47
3.3.3 Cost 47
3.3.4 Ethics 48
3.3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules
& Regulations) 48
3.4 Clinical Applications of Nanotechnology 49
3.4.1 Diagnostic Applications 49
3.4.1.1 Detection 50
3.4.1.2 Protein Chips 50
3.4.1.3 Individual Target Probes 50
3.4.1.4 Nanotechnology as a Tool in Imaging 51
3.4.1.5 Sparse Cell Detection 51
3.4.2 Therapeutic Applications 51
3.4.2.1 Surfaces 51
3.4.2.2 Gene Delivery 51
3.4.2.3 Drug Delivery 52
3.4.2.4 Liposomes 52
3.4.2.5 Nanotechnology in Orthopedic Applications 52
3.4.2.6 Nanotechnology in Cardiac Therapy 53
Contents vii
3.4.2.7 Nanotechnology in Dental Care 53
3.4.2.8 Biomolecular Engineering 53
3.4.2.9 Biopharmaceuticals 53
3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery—Recent Applications 54
3.5.1 Nanoparticulate Systems for Vaccine 54
3.5.1.1 Polyanhydride-Based NPs 54
3.5.1.2 Biodegradable Synthetic PLGA NPs 54
3.5.1.3 Liposome-Based NPs 55
3.5.1.4 Polysaccharide-Based NPs 55
3.5.2 Chemotherapy 55
3.5.2.1 Increasing the Concentration of Chemotherapeutic
Agents in Tumor Tissue 56
3.5.3 Drug/Gene Delivery 57
3.5.3.1 Nanoparticles Used in Drug Delivery System 58
3.5.3.2 Cellulose 59
3.6 Nanotechnology in Neurodegenerative Disorders Treatment 59
3.7 Future Perspective 59
3.8 Issues with Current Nanopharmaceutical Concepts 60
3.8.1 Large-Scale Manufacturing 60
3.8.2 Biological Challenges 62
3.8.3 Intellectual Property (IP) 62
3.8.4 Biocompatibility and Safety 63
3.8.5 Government Regulations 63
3.9 Conclusion 64
References 64
4 Nanomedicine Regulation and Future Prospects 67
Md Anwar Nawaz R., Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sivakumar K.
and Kantha D. Arunachalam
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Importance of Regulation of Nanomedicine 68
4.3 Regulatory Challenges Faced by Nanomaterial in Medicine 68
4.3.1 Performing Various Functions 69
4.3.2 Nanomedicine Classification Issues 69
4.3.3 Variation in Size of the Particle 69
4.3.4 Manufacturing Process 69
4.3.5 Difficulties to Create CQA 70
4.3.6 Nanotoxicology and Cellular Response 70
4.3.7 Administering Right Doses 71
4.3.8 Pharmacokinetics 71
4.3.9 Developing Guidelines 71
4.4 Nanomedicine Future Aspects 71
4.5 Challenges that Threaten the Future of Nanomedicine 72
4.5.1 Financial Crisis 72
4.5.2 Lack of Confidence 72
4.5.3 Potential Dangers 72
viii Contents
4.5.4 Unsuccessful Patenting 73
4.5.5 Breakdowns in the Pharmaceuticals and Financial Markets 73
4.5.6 Limited Regulation 74
4.6 Future Prospects for Nanomedicine 74
4.6.1 Emerging Nanomaterials 75
4.6.2 Personalized Nanomedicine 75
4.6.3 Nanorobots and Nanodevices 75
4.6.4 Orthopedic Augmentations and Cytocompatibility 76
4.6.5 Cardiology and Nanotechnology 76
4.6.6 Cancer and Nanotechnology 77
4.6.7 NAPT 77
4.6.8 Gene, Protein, Lab-on-a-Chip Devices 78
4.6.9 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Medicine 78
References 79
5 Nanotechnology Application in Drug Delivery for Medicinal Plants 81
Bui Thanh Tung, Duong Van Thanh and Nguyen Phuong Thanh
5.1 Introduction 81
5.1.1 Nanodrug Delivery Systems (NDDS) 81
5.2 Nanoherbals 83
5.2.1 Cucuma longa (Cucurmin) 83
5.2.2 Gingko biloba 84
5.2.3 Artemisia 85
5.2.4 Silybum marianum—Silymarin 85
5.2.5 Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) 88
5.2.6 Glycyrrhiza glabra (L.) 88
5.2.7 Camellia sinensis (Green tea) 88
5.2.8 Camptotheca acuminata 91
5.2.9 Leea indica 91
5.2.10 Ziziphus mauritiana (Malay apple) 91
5.2.11 Cuscuta chinensis 91
5.3 Conclusion 92
References 92
6 Nanosystems Trends in Nutraceutical Delivery 97
Aristote Buya
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals 98
6.3 Biopharmaceutical Issues Associated with Nutraceuticals 101
6.4 Nanosystems for Delivery of Nutraceuticals 101
6.4.1 Nanoemulsions 101
6.4.2 Self-Emulsifying Systems 105
6.4.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 105
6.4.4 Liposomes 106
6.4.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles 107
6.4.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles 107
