Table Of ContentAdvances in
VIRUS RESEARCH
VOLUME 47
ADVISORY BOARD
DAVW BALTIMOKE
PAUL
KAESBERC
ROBEM M. CHANOCK
BERNARD
Moss
PETER
C. DOHEKTY
EKI,IN(;
NORRRY
BERNARD
N. FIELDS
AKIRA OYA
H. J. GROSS
B. D. HARRISON
J. J. SKEHEI,
R. H. SYMONS
M. H. V. VAN REGENMORTEL
Advances in
V I R U S R E S E A R C H
Edited by
KARL MARAMOROSCH
FREDERICK A. MURPHY
Department of Entomology
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
Davis, California
AARON J. SHATKIN
Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine
Piscataway, New Jersey
VOLUME 47
ACADEMIC PRESS
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1996 by ACADEMIC PRESS
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CONTENTS
Marburg and Ebola Viruses
HEINZ FELDMANN
AND HANS-DIETER
KLENK
Introduction
Epidemiology of Filoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Biology of Filoviruses
Clinical Virology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Note ........................................................
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pathology and Immunology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I.
11.
111.
IV.
V.
I.
11.
111.
IV.
Molecular Characterization of Pestiviruses
GREGOR
MEYERS
AND HEINZ-JURGEN
THIEL
Introduction .................................................
Pestiviruses: Diseases, Genomes, and Proteins. ....................
RNA Recombination: The Molecular Basis for Cytopathogenicity of
Pestiviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Large-Scale Jumps Instead of Tiny Steps: Considerations about
Viral Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
18
32
37
42
42
53
54
68
111
113
Principles of Molecular Organization, Expression, and Evolution of
Closteroviruses: Over the Barriers
A. A. AGRANOVSKY
I. Introduction
11. Draft of Clos
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
V. Genome Organization and Functions of Gene Products in
Closteroviruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129
VI. Expression Strategy. .
VII. Evolution of Closterov
VIII. Conclusions ........................
V
vi
CONTENTS
Comparison of the Replication of Positive-Stranded
RNA Viruses of Plants and Animals
KENNETH
W. BUCK
I. lntroductiori . . . . . . . . , , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 I . Virus-Encodcd Rcplicntion Proteins . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . .
111. Host Proteins in RNA Replication . . . . . . .
TV. The Role of Memhranes in RNA Replica
V. Cis-Acting Nucleotide Sequences Required for RNA Replication. . . . . . .
VT. Control of Asymnictric Positivc- and Ne
VII. Concluding Remarks , . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . .
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trans-Activation of Cellular Genes by Hepatitis B Virus Proteins:
A Possible Mechanism of Hepatocarcinogenesis
WOLFGANG
H. CASELMANN
I. Introduction , , , , . . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. The Hepatitis H Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111.
LV. HBV 'Itans-Activntors in Hcpatocarcinogenesis . , . . . . . . .
Directions and Clinical Perspectives . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hepatocellular Carcinoma. , , . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Autonomous Parvovirus and Densovirus Gene Vectors
JOE CORSINI,
BORIS AFANASIEV,
IAN H. MAXWELL,
AND JONATHAN
0. CARLSON
...............................
11. Parvoviruses. . . , . . .
111. Parvovirus Gene Vectors . . , . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .
TV. Summary and Prospe
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Virus-Induced Immunopathology
BARRY
T. ROUSE
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11. Immunopat,hological Lesions Which Primarily Involve CD8'
111. Immunopathological Reactions Primarily Involving CD4+ T
Lymphocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. Immune Inflammatory Responses Involving Ant,ibody . . . . .
V. Viruses and Autoimmunity. . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . , , , . . . . . .
VI. Control of Virus-Induced Immune Inflammatory Disease . .
VII. Conclusions . , , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
T Cells . . .
, . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
......... .
159
163
205
209
214
233
235
236
253
255
269
272
292
292
303
305
317
335
BY8
353
354
368
364
365
367
370
372
CONTENTS
vii
Geographic and Molecular Epidemiology of Primate T Lymphotropic
Retroviruses: HTLV-I, HTLV-II, STLV-I, STLV-PP, and PTLV-L
ANTOINE
GESSAIN
AND GUY DE THE
I. Introduction and Historical Background
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
111. Genetic Structure of HTLV-1/11 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. Methods Used in Molecular Epidemiology of PTLVs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Migration of Ancient Human Populations .........................
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
377
380
382
385
387
403
404
409
411
412
INDEX
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
427
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ADVANCES IN VIRUS RESEARCH, VOL. 47
MARBURG AND EBOLA VIRUSES
Heinz Feldmann and Hans-Dieter Klenk
Institute of Virology
Philipps University
35037 Marburg, Germany
I. Introduction
11. Epidemiology of Filoviruses
A. Outbreaks
B. Reservoir
C. Transmission
D. Molecular Evolution
111. Biology of Filoviruses
A. Morphology
B. Genome
C. Viral Proteins
D. Virus Replication
A. Clinical Syndrome
B. Diagnosis
C.
A. Pathology in Experimental Animals
B. Pathology in Humans
C. Immunology
D. Pathophysiology
Note
References
IV. Clinical Virology
Patient Management and Prevention of Infection
V. Pathology and Immunology
I. INTRODUCTION
Filoviruses are among the most pathogenic of human viruses. They
are classified as “Biological Level 4” agents (WHO; Risk Group 4) based
on their high mortality rate, person-to-person transmission, potential
aerosol infectivity, and absence of vaccines and chemotherapy. Maxi-
mum containment is required for all laboratory work with infectious
material (1, 2). Yet, we are only beginning to understand the interac-
tions of these viruses with their host, and our knowledge on genetics,
pathogenicity, and natural history is still limited. Even though out-
breaks among human and nonhuman primates to date have always
been self-limited, it is because of our ignorance about the natural
1
Copyright 0 1996 by Academic Press, Inc.
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
