Advances in Transport Phenomena 2011

176 Pages·2014·3.717 MB·English

by  Ho Cheung Shum, Julian Thiele, Shin-Hyun Kim (auth.), Liqiu Wang (eds.)

Liqiu Wang
Editor
Advances
in
Transport
Phenomena
2011
123
Advances in Transport Phenomena
Volume 3
Series Editor
Liqiu Wang, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of
China
e-mail: [email protected]
Editorial Board
A. R. Balakrishnan, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
A. Bejan, Duke University, Durham, USA
F. H. Busse, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
L. Gladden, Cambridge University, Cambridge, England
K. E. Goodson, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
U. Gross, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
K. Hanjalic, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
D. Jou, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelon, Barcelon, Spain
P. M. Ligrani, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, USA
A. P. J. Middelberg, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
G. P. ‘‘Bud’’ Peterson, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
M. Quintard, CNRS, Toulouse, France
S. Seelecke, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
S. Sieniutycz, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
Editorial Assistant
J. Fan, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8203
About this Series
The term transport phenomena is used to describe processes in which mass,
momentum, energy and entropy move about in matter. Advances in Transport
Phenomena provide state-of-the-art expositions of major advances by theoretical,
numerical and experimental studies from a molecular, microscopic, mesoscopic,
macroscopic or megascopic point of view across the spectrum of transport phe-
nomena, from scientific enquiries to practical applications. The annual review
seriesintendstofilltheinformationgapbetweenregularlypublishedjournalsand
university-level textbooks by providing in-depth review articles over a broader
scope than in journals. The authoritative articles, contributed by internationally-
leading scientists and practitioners, establish the state of the art, disseminate the
latestresearchdiscoveries,serveasacentralsourceofreferenceforfundamentals
andapplicationsoftransportphenomena,andprovidepotentialtextbookstosenior
undergraduate and graduate students.
Liqiu Wang
Editor
Advances in Transport
Phenomena 2011
123
Editor
LiqiuWang
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The Universityof HongKong
Hong Kong
People’s Republic ofChina
ISSN 1868-8853 ISSN 1868-8861 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-01792-1 ISBN 978-3-319-01793-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01793-8
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011923889
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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Preface
The term Transport Phenomena is used to describe processes in which mass,
momentum, energy, and entropy move about in matter. Advances in Transport
Phenomena provide state-of-the-art expositions of major advances by theoretical,
numerical, and experimental studies from a molecular, microscopic, mesoscopic,
macroscopic, or megascopic point of view across the spectrum of transport phe-
nomena, from scientific enquiries to practical applications. The annual review
seriesintendstofilltheinformationgapbetweenregularlypublishedjournalsand
university-level textbooks by providing in-depth review articles over a broader
scope than in journals. The authoritative articles, contributed by internationally
leading scientists and practitioners, establish the state of the art, disseminate the
latestresearchdiscoveries,serveasacentralsourceofreferenceforfundamentals
andapplicationsoftransportphenomena,andprovidepotentialtextbookstosenior
undergraduate and graduate students.
The series covers mass transfer, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and thermo-
dynamics.The2011volumecontainsthreearticlesonthemicrofluidicfabrication
of vesicles, the dielectrophoresis field-flow fractionation for continuous-flow
separation of particles and cells in microfluidic device, and the thermodynamic
analysis and optimization design of heat exchanger, respectively. The editorial
board expresses its appreciation to the contributing authors and reviewers who
have maintained the standard associated with Advances in Transport Phenomena.
We also would like to acknowledge the efforts of the staff at Springer who have
made the professional and attractive presentation of the volume.
v
Contents
Microfluidic Fabrication of Vesicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ho Cheung Shum, Julian Thiele and Shin-Hyun Kim
Dielectrophoresis Field-Flow Fractionation for Continuous-Flow
Separation of Particles and Cells in Microfluidic Devices . . . . . . . . . . 29
Nuttawut Lewpiriyawong and Chun Yang
Thermodynamic Analysis and Optimization Design
of Heat Exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Mingtian Xu, Jiangfeng Guo and Xuefang Li
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
vii
Contributors
JiangfengGuo SchoolofCivilEngineering,InstituteofEngineeringMechanics,
Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Shin-HyunKim SchoolofEngineeringandAppliedSciencesandDepartmentof
Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Nuttawut Lewpiriyawong School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
Xuefang Li School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering Mechanics,
Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Ho Cheung Shum Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hong
Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Julian Thiele Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nij-
megen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Mingtian Xu School of Civil Engineering, Institute of Engineering Mechanics,
Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People’s Republic of China
Chun Yang School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Tech-
nological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
ix
Microfluidic Fabrication of Vesicles
Ho Cheung Shum, Julian Thiele and Shin-Hyun Kim
Abstract Vesicles are compartments enclosed by a thin membrane, which is
made up of amphiphilic molecules arranged into ordered layers. Vesicle-like
structuresareNature’schoiceforencapsulatingimportantbiochemicalspeciesthat
enable living processes, and are increasingly important as artificial structures for
the encapsulation and release of drugs, biomolecules and other active ingredients
for biomedical, pharmaceutical, food and consumer industries. Advances in
microfluidic technologies have provided a new set of tools for unraveling the
science behind formation of vesicles and fabricating novel vesicles. While tradi-
tionalapproachesforfabricatingvesiclesrelyonself-assemblyofamphiphiles,the
precise control offlow afforded inmicrofluidic devices enables directed assembly
of the amphiphiles. Thus, techniques such as hydrodynamic flow focusing, con-
trolled emulsion-templating and pulsatile jetting offer unprecedented degree of
control over vesicle structures. This creates new opportunities to engineer the
structures of vesicles and tailor them for specific applications. In this review, we
introduce current understanding behind different kinds of vesicles, survey con-
ventionalandmicrofluidictechniquesfortheirformation,discussnewapproaches
of encapsulation and release of active ingredients in microfluidic vesicles, and
point to future research and development in the area.
H.C.Shum(&)
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofHongKong,PokfulamRoad,
HongKong,People’sRepublicofChina
e-mail:[email protected]
J.Thiele
RadboudUniversityNijmegen,InstituteforMoleculesandMaterials,
Heyendaalseweg1356525AJNijmegen,TheNetherlands
S.-H.Kim
DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,KoreaAdvancedInstitute
ofScienceandTechnology,Daejeon,SouthKorea
L.Wang(ed.),AdvancesinTransportPhenomena2011, 1
AdvancesinTransportPhenomena3,DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-01793-8_1,
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
2 H.C.Shumetal.
1 Introduction
1.1 What Are Vesicles?
Vesiclesarecompartmentsenclosedbyathinmembrane,whichistypicallymade
up of bilayers of amphiphilic molecules, including phospholipids, skin lipids,
block copolymers, and surfactants. Examples of these include liposomes [1],
polymersomes [2, 3] and niosomes [4, 5]. Other vesicle-like structures include
colloidosomes, whose membranes are not necessarily made up of bilayers of
amphiphiles [6, 7]. Due to the co-existence of both hydrophilic, ‘‘water-loving’’
partandhydrophobic,‘‘water-hating’’partwithintheamphiphilicmolecules,these
molecules self-assemble in aqueous environments into a variety of aggregate
structures, in which the hydrophobic parts avoid exposure to the aqueous sur-
roundings.Onesuchaggregatestructureisvesicles.Inthemembranesofvesicles,
two monolayers of amphiphilic molecules facing each other form a bilayer, as
shown in Fig. 1a; if the membrane of the vesicle consists only of a bilayer, the
vesicle is unilamellar (Fig. 1b). Vesicles with membranes made up of multiple
bilayers stacked together are called multilamellar vesicles (Fig. 1c). The lamel-
larity of vesicles determines permeability of compounds through the vesicle
membranes and also its ability to fuse with other vesicles. Vesicles are excellent
structuresforencapsulationofsmallercompoundsduetotheirabilitytoisolatethe
compoundsinthecoreofthevesiclesfromthesurroundings,providingaconfined
environment for processing and reaction of those compounds. Nature takes
advantage of the self-assembly nature and encapsulation property to enable for-
mation of biological cells, where important biochemical processes take place
within phospholipid vesicles. Because of the resemblance of the vesicular struc-
tures to biological membranes, vesicles are also used as models in fundamental
studies for understanding the physics and biology of natural membranes. Indus-
trially, vesicles are also becoming important delivery vehicles for encapsulating
drugs, flavors, colorings, vitamins and other important active ingredients for the
pharmaceutical, food and beverage as well as cosmetics industries.
Vesicles also have the important attribute of fusing with one another; this
allows components to be exchanged among biological cells for signaling and
transport. Therefore, vesicles have the potential to be engineered to achieve tar-
geted delivery of compounds to biological cells.
Fig.1 (a)Structureofa
vesiclewithabilayered
membrane;Schematicof
(b)aunilamellarvesicle,and
(c)amultilamellarvesicle.
Reproducedwithpermission
fromRef.[8],(cid:2)2006
Elsevier