Table Of Content
Advances in
TISSUE
ENGINEERING
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Advances in
TISSUE
ENGINEERING
Editor
Julia Polak
Imperial College, London, UK
Co-editors
Sakis Mantalaris
Sian E. Harding
Imperial College, London, UK
Imperial College Press
ICP
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Published by
Imperial College Press
57 Shelton Street
Covent Garden
London WC2H 9HE
Distributed by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ADVANCES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING
Copyright © 2008 by Imperial College Press
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to
be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.
ISBN-13978-1-84816-182-5
ISBN-101-84816-182-4
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore.
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Contents
Contributors xix
Foreword xxxv
Introduction xxxvii
Part I: Tissue Engineering: Past, Present, and Future 1
Chapter1: An Introduction 3
Robert M. Nerem
1. Introduction 3
2. The Early Years 4
3. The 1990s 6
4. 2000 to Present 6
5. What About the Future? 8
6. Concluding Discussion 10
Part II: Cells forTissue Engineering 13
Chapter2: ABrief Introduction to Different Cell Types 15
Lee Buttery and Kevin M. Shakesheff
1. Introduction 16
2. Cells and Tissue Engineering 16
3. Mature or Primary Cells 18
4. Stem Cells 19
5. Sources of Stem Cells 21
6. Immortalised Cell Lines 29
7. Reprogramming 29
8. Differentiation of Cells 30
9. Regulatory Issues 32
Chapter3: Human Embryonic Stem Cells: International Policy 43
and Regulation
Megan Allyse and Stephen Minger
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Contents
1. Introduction 44
2. Controversy 45
3. International Guidelines 47
4. National Policy Systems 49
5. Conclusion 59
Chapter4: Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Derivation and Culture 63
Emma L. Stephenson, Peter R. Braude and
Chris Mason
1. Introduction 64
2. The Emergence of Human Embryonic Stem 64
Cell Research
3. Human Embryonic Stem Cells 67
4. Culture of hESC lines 71
5. Reporting of Derivation 76
6. Concluding Remarks 77
Chapter5: Stem Cells Differentiation 83
Pascale V. Guillot and Wei Cui
1. Introduction 83
2. Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells 84
3. Somatic Stem Cells 86
4. Conclusion 89
Chapter6: Marrow Stem Cells 95
Donald G. Phinney
1. Introduction 96
2. Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Discovery, 97
Phenotype, and Function
3. Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Discovery, 100
Phenotype, and Function
4. Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Discovery, 103
Phenotype, and Function 103
5. ACommon Origin for Bone Marrow Stem Cells 105
6. Functional Interdependency of Bone Marrow 108
Stem Cells
7. Summary 109
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Contents
Chapter7: Cord Blood Stem Cells — Potentials and Realities 123
Colin P. McGuckin and Nicolas Forraz
1. Introduction to the Concept of Umbilical 124
Cord Blood Stem Cells
2. Cord Blood Current Clinical Uses 126
3. Cord Blood Processing and Cryopreservation 129
4. Cord Blood Banking 132
5. Cord Blood Research and Where the Future Lies 134
Chapter8: Fat Stem Cells 143
Jeffrey M. Gimble, Bruce A. Bunnell and
Farshid Guilak
1. Introduction 144
2. Types of Adipose Tissue 144
3. Isolation Procedures 145
4. Immunophenotype and Cytokine Profile 146
of ASCs
5. Immunogenicity of ASCs 147
6. Differentiation Potential 149
7. Mechanisms of Potential Utility: Genetic 158
Engineering and Gene Delivery
8. Conclusions and Future Directions 158
Chapter9: Control of Adult Stem Cell Function in 175
Bioengineered Artificial Niches
Matthias P. Lutolf and Helen M. Blau
1. Introduction 176
2. Adult Stem Cells Reside in Niches 177
3. Common Structures and Components of 177
Stem Cell Niches
4. Key Functions of Stem Cell Niches 180
5. Niches Control the Fate of Individual Stem 181
Cells
6. The HSC Niche 183
7. Prospects for Using Engineered Artificial 185
Niches as Novel Model Systems to Probe and
Manipulate Adult Stem Cell Fate
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Contents
Chapter10: Stem Cell Immunology 199
Anthony P. Hollander and David C. Wraith
1. Why is Stem Cell Immunology Important 200
for Tissue Engineering?
2. Evolutionary Context of the Mammalian 201
Immune System
3. Materno-Foetal Tolerance as a Model for 204
Understanding Stem Cell Immune Privilege
4. Are Embryonic Stem Cells Immune 206
Privileged?
5. Are Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) 209
Immune Privileged?
6. Finding a Way Forward for the Use of 210
Allogeneic Stem Cells
Chapter11: Development of a Design of Experiment 215
Methodology: Applications to the Design
and Analysis of Experiments
Mayasari Lim and Athanasios Mantalaris
1. Analysis of Factors 216
2. Design Strategy 219
3. DOE Designs 220
4. ADOE Example: Investigating the Influence of 223
Cytokines on Erythropoiesis
5. Conclusions 226
Chapter12: Banking Stem Cell Lines for Future Therapies 229
Glyn N. Stacey and Charles J. Hunt
1. Introduction 230
2. The Rationale for Centralised Banks of Human 232
Cell Lines for Clinical Use
3. Fundamental Issues for in Vitro Cell Culture 233
4. Cell Culture Processes 234
5. Quality Assurance and Quality Control 242
6. International Perspectives 246
7. Future Developments and Expectations 247
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Contents
Part III: Materials 253
Chapter13: Synthetic Biomaterials as Cell-Responsive Artificial 255
Extracellular Matrices
Matthias P. Lutolf and Jeffrey A. Hubbell
1. Introduction 256
2. ECMs Instruct Cell Fates and Respond to 257
Cell-Secreted Signals
3. Design Principles for Cell-Responsive 259
Artificial ECMs
4. Implementation: Classes and Applications of 263
Cell-Responsive Artificial ECMs
5. Future Challenges 271
Chapter14: Bioactive Composite Materials for Bone Tissue 279
Engineering Scaffolds
Sophie Verrier and Aldo R. Boccaccini
1. Introduction 280
2. Scaffolds Requirements 281
3. Composite Materials Approach for Tissue 283
Engineering Scaffolds
4. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation 288
5. Discussion 302
6. Conclusions and Future Work 303
Chapter15: Aggregation of Cells Using Biomaterials 313
and Bioreactors
Zahia Bayoussef and Kevin M. Shakesheff
1. Introduction 314
2. Cell Adhesion and Natural Cell Aggregation 314
3. Methods of Cell Aggregation 315
4. Synthetic Cell Aggregation 316
5. Cell Aggregation on Scaffolds 323
6. Bioreactors and Cell Aggregation 325
7. Summary and Conclusion 327
Chapter16: Nanotechnology for Tissue Engineering 333
Jean S. Stephens-Altus and Jennifer L. West
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