Table Of Contentdramroo
Advances in Spinal Stabilization
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Series Editor
L. Dade Lunsford Pittsburgh, Pa.
Progress in Neurological
Surgery
Vol. 16
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Volume Editors
Regis W. Haid, Jr. Atlanta, Ga.
Brian R. Subach Atlanta, Ga.
Gerald E. Rodts, Jr. Atlanta, Ga.
145 figures, 2 in color, and 17 tables, 2003
Advances in Spinal
Stabilization
Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York ·
Bangalore · Bangkok · Singapore · Tokyo · Sydney
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Regis W. Haid, Jr., MD
Emory University School of Medicine
Department of Neurosurgery
The Emory Clinic
Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and
Index Medicus.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and
dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication.
However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information
relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for
any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important
when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2003 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland)
www.karger.com
Printed in Switzerland on acid-free paper by Reinhardt Druck, Basel
ISSN 0079–6492
ISBN 3–8055–7431–2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Advances in spinal stabilization / volume editors, Regis W. Haid, Jr., Brian R. Subach,
Gerald E, Rodts, Jr.
p. ; cm. – (Progress in neurological surgery, ISSN 0079–6492 ; vol. 16)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 3–8055–7431–2 (hard cover : alk. paper)
1. Spine–Surgery. 2. Spinal implants. I. Haid, Regis W. II. Subach, Brian R. III. Rodts,
Gerald E. IV. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Spine–surgery. 2. Orthopedic Procedures–methods. 3. Spinal
Fusion–methods. WE 725 A2447 2003]
RD533 A285 2003
617.5�6059–dc21
2003047736
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Contents
VIII Series Editor’s Note
Lunsford, L.D. (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
IX Foreword
Sonntag, V.K.H. (Phoenix, Ariz.)
Biological Advances
1 Bone Morphogenetic Protein (rhBMP-2): Experimental Review
and Clinical Update
Subach, B.R.; Haid, R.W., Jr.; Rodts, G.E., Jr.;
Petraglia, C.A. (Atlanta, Ga.)
14 Cellular and Genetic Approaches for Spinal Fusions
Helm, G.A.; Anderson, D.G. (Charlottesville, Va.)
29 Bone Substitutes
Swartz, K.R.; Trost, G.R. (Madison, Wisc.)
39 Resorbable Technology for Spinal Stabilization
Resnick, D.K. (Madison, Wisc.); Alexander, J.T. (Winston-Salem, N.C.);
Welch, W.C. (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
55 Lumbar Interbody Fusion Using Bone Morphogenetic Protein:
Results and Fusion Assessment
Burkus, J.K. (Columbus, Ga.); Foley, K.T. (Memphis, Tenn.);
Haid, R.W., Jr. (Atlanta, Ga.)
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Contents
VI
Neuronavigational Advances
71 Overview of Spinal Navigation
McLaughlin, M.R.; Bartolomei, J. (Lawrenceville, N.J.)
84 Virtual Fluoroscopy: Overview and Future Implications
Rampersaud, Y.R. (Toronto); Foley, K.T. (Memphis, Tenn.)
96 Placement of Thoracic Pedicle Screws
Polly, D.W., Jr.; Kuklo, T.R. (Washington, D.C.)
107 Cervical Techniques with Image-Guided Spinal Navigation
Kalfas, I.H. (Cleveland, Ohio)
Instrumentation and Technique Update
128 C1 Lateral Mass Fixation
Fiore, A.J. (Atlanta, Ga.); Birch, B.D. (Scottsdale, Ariz.);
Haid, R.W., Jr. (Atlanta, Ga.)
142 Cervical Laminoplasty
Casey, A.T.H. (London/Stanmore); Crockard, H.A. (London)
154 Cervical Pedicle Screws: Advances in Spinal Stabilization
Chun, J.Y. (San Francisco, Calif.); Mummaneni, P.V. (Atlanta, Ga.);
Birch, B.D. (Scottsdale, Ariz.); Sasso, R.C. (Indianapolis, Ind.)
165 Cervical Lateral Mass Advances
Mummaneni, P.V. (Atlanta, Ga.); Traynelis, V.C. (Iowa City, Iowa);
Sasso, R.C. (Indianapolis, Ind.)
176 Interbody Carbon Fiber
Bertagnoli, R. (Straubing)
188 Thoracic Pedicle Screw Placement
Lenke, L.G. (St. Louis, Mo.)
204 Percutaneous Lumbar Pedicle Screws: Indications,
Technique, Results
Rodts, G.E., Jr. (Atlanta, Ga.)
213 Thoracolumbar Deformity Advances.
1. Nonoperative Treatment of Thoracolumbar Deformity
Mummaneni, P.V. (Atlanta, Ga.); Ondra, S.L. (Chicago, Ill.);
Sasso, R.C. (Indianapolis, Ind.)
225 Thoracolumbar Deformity Advances.
2. Operative Treatment of Thoracolumbar Deformity
Mummaneni, P.V. (Atlanta, Ga.); Ondra, S.L. (Chicago, Ill.);
Sasso, R.C. (Indianapolis, Ind.)
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240 Vertebral Augmentation for Osteoporotic and Osteolytic
Vertebral Compression Fractures: Vertebroplasty
and Kyphoplasty
Lieberman, I. (Cleveland, Ohio)
Minimally Invasive Update
251 Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy
and Microdiscectomy
Perez-Cruet, M.J.; Fessler, R.G. (Chicago, Ill.)
266 An Update on Endoscopic Thoracic Spinal Surgery:
Thoracic Microendoscopic Discectomy
Perez-Cruet, M.J.; Kim, B.-S.; Sandhu, F.; Fessler, R.G. (Chicago, Ill.)
277 Laparoscopic versus ‘Mini-Open’ Anterior Lumbar
Interbody Fusion
Kaiser, M.G.; Haid, R.W., Jr.; Subach, B.R.; Rodts, G.E., Jr. (Atlanta, Ga.)
Socio-Economic Evolution
290 Epidemiology and Variations in Care of Spine Disease
Burke, J.P.; Gerszten, P.C. (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
302 The Changing Economics of Spine Surgery
Przybylski, G.J. (Orange, N.J.)
314 Author Index
315 Subject Index
Contents
VII
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VIII
Series Editor’s Note
Three eminent spine surgeons have collaborated as editors for this volume
of Progress in Neurological Surgery. There is no question that new spinal sta-
bilization techniques, minimally invasive approaches to the spine, and new con-
cepts of biomechanics have revolutionized our understanding of disorders of
spinal stability. In this comprehensive volume, the authors describe various
techniques and clinically relevant procedures designed to improve the outcomes
of spine surgery. Neuronavigational techniques, new bone fusion concepts, and
both open and percutaneous spinal stabilization techniques are described.
Progress in Neurological Surgery is dedicated to providing timely updates of
important neurosurgical paradigm shifts. The volume of spinal surgery across
the world has dramatically increased. The chapters in volume 16 help to eluci-
date the role and rationale of these new kinds of spinal stabilization. I am grate-
ful to the editorial efforts of Dr. Haid, Dr. Subach and Dr. Rodts and to all the
authors.
L. Dade Lunsford, MD
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Foreword
Spinal stabilization has changed dramatically over the last 10 years and the
pace of change continues to accelerate. This volume is an excellent mirror of
the evolution of spinal stabilization – from the nuts, rods, and bolts first used
years ago to the current applications of bilateral fusion using bone morpho-
genetic protein and gene manipulation or sophisticated bone extenders. Further
possibilities for stabilizing the spine, as reflected in this book, include
absorbable stabilization devices.
Through the combination of technical advances in minimally invasive
spine surgery and neuronavigation, spinal surgery will become less destructive,
less painful, and more successful. Most importantly, patient outcomes will
improve. The section on instrumentation and technique represents the most
up-to-date advances in surgical technique and management of spinal disorders.
The authors have provided a valuable service by compiling the most recent
advances in spinal stabilization. This volume is a welcome addition to the per-
sonal libraries of spinal surgeons and to institutional libraries.
V.K.H. Sonntag
IX
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