Advances in Spectroscopy for Lasers and Sensing

574 Pages·2006·22.747 MB·English

by  Baldassare Di Bartolo, Ottavio Forte

Advances in Spectroscopy for Lasers
and Sensing
http://avaxho.me/blogs/ChrisRedfield
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Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry – Vol. 231
Advances in Spectroscopy
for Lasers and Sensing
edited by
Baldassare Di Bartolo
Boston College, Chestnut Hiil, MA,
U.S.A.
and
Ottavio Forte
Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA,
U.S.A.
Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
New Developments in Optics and Related Fields
Erice, Sicily, Italy
6-21 June, 2005
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-4788-6 (PB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4788-6 (PB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-4787-8 (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4787-9 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-4789-4 (e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4789 -3 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2006 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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Printed in the Netherlands.
CONTENTS
PREFACE…………………………………………………………………………………xix
LIST OF PAST INSTITUTES………………………………………………………….xxiii
LECTURES
1. SPECTROSCOPY OF PHOTONIC ATOMS: A MEANS
FOR ULTRA-SENSITIVE SPECIFIC SENSING OF BIO-
MOLECULES……………………………………………………………………….... 1
(Stephen Arnold and Ophir Gaathon)
Abstract………………………………………………………………………….....1
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………..….1
2. Photonic Atom…………………………………………………………………..2
3. Photonic Atom Physics: Hueristics............ …………………………….……….3
4. Photonic Atom Physics 101………………………………………………….….4
5. Photonic Atom Sensor as a Nanoscopic Ruler…………….................................6
6. Protein Molecular Weight Sensitivity of a Photonic
Atom Sensor…………………………………………………………………….9
7. Specific Detection of Protein……………………………………………….….11
8. Discrimination of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
in DNA…………………………………………………………………….......12
9. Future Directions……………………………………………………………....16
Acknowledgements……………………………………………….........................17
References……………………………………………………...............................17
2. LASER SOURCES FOR HIGH RESOLUTION SENSING……………………….19
(Giuseppe Baldacchini)
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...19
1. Introduction..... ………………………………………………………………....19
2. Present Situation of Lasers……………………………………………………..20
vi Contents
3. Recent Developments of Spectroscopic Sensors……………………………....26
4. Conclusions…………………………………………………….........................28
5. Acknowledgements…………………………………………….........................31
6. References……………………………………………………………………...32
3. RELAXATION AND DECOHERENCE: WHAT’SNEW?......................................33
(Ralph v. Baltz)
1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………33
2. Relaxation in Classical Systems……………………………….........................34
3. Interaction of a Particle with a Bath…………………………………………...40
4. Coherence in Classical Systems………………………………………………..43
5. Relaxation and Decoherence in Quantum Systems……………………………46
6. Exciton Spins in Quantum Dots……………………………………………….56
7. Outlook………………………………………………………………………...58
8. Acknowledgements…………………………………………….........................61
References……………………………………………………...............................61
4. CHALLENGES FOR CURRENT SPECTROSCOPY:
DETECTION OF SECURITY THREATS…………………………………………63
(Norman P. Barnes)
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….....63
2. Spectral Regions of Interest……………………………………………………65
3. Optical Detection Schemes…………………………………….........................66
4. Summary……………………………………………………….........................72
5. References…………………………………………………...............................72
5. SOURCES FOR THREATDETECTION…………………………………………...73
(Norman P. Barnes)
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….....73
2. Ultraviolet……………………………………………………………………...73
3. Mid Infrared……………………………………………………………………77
4. Far Infrared…………………………………………………….........................80
5. References……………………………………………………………………...81
Contents vii
6. Yb3+-DOPED CaF FLUORIDE AS AN EXAMPLE OF OUR RESEARCH
2
APPROACH IN SOLID-STATE LASER-TYPE CRYSTALS…..........................83
(Georges Boulon)
Abstract………………………………………………………………………..….83
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………….83
2. Structure and Nature of Crystallographic Sites………………………………..84
3. Crystal Growths………………………………………………………………..84
4. Assignment of Electronic and Vibronic Lines
in Yb3+–Doped Crystals……………………………………………………….87
5. Yb3+Concentration Quenching Processes……………………………………..87
6. Proposition of the Laser Crystal Optimization…………...................................92
7. Thermal Conductivity Measurements………………………….........................96
8. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………100
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………...100
References……………………………………………………….........................101
7. TERAHERTZ SENSING AND MEASURINGSYSTEMS.....................................103
(John W. Bowen)
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...103
2. Waveguides versus Quasi-Optics………………………….........................103
3. Quasi-Optics…………………………………………………....................104
4. Exemplar System 1: Null-Balance Transmissometer………………………...108
5. Exemplar System 2: Dispersive Fourier Transform
Spectrometer………………………………………………………………….110
6. Exemplar System 3: Terahertz Pulsed Imaging System……………………...112
7. Terahertz Sources………………………………………..................................114
8. Detectors……………………………………………………………………...115
9. Applications……………………………………………..................................116
10. Conclusion……………………………………………..................................117
References……………………………………………………….........................117
8. ULTRAFAST SPECTROSCOPY OF BIOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS………………………………………………….......................................119
(Selma Schenkl, Goran Zgrablic, Frank Van Mourik, Stefan Haacke and Majed
Chergui)
Abstract………………………………………………….....................................119
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………..119
viii Contents
2. Solvent Effects on the Isomerization Efficiency
of Retinal……………………………………………………..........................120
3. Excitonic Coupling and Transient Electric Fields within Proteins .................123
Acknowledgements………..…………………………….....................................127
References………………………………………………....................................127
9. LUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY OF SOLIDS: LOCALIZED
SYSTEMS ………………………………………………….......................................129
(John Collins)
Abstract………………………………………………………….........................129
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...129
2. Spectra and Energy Levels of Localized Systems…………………………...131
3. Processes in Localized Systems……………………………………………...144
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………...154
References……………………………………………….....................................154
10. LASER SPECTROMETERS FOR ATMOSPHERIC
ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………………..157
(Francesco D’Amato)
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...157
2. Available Analytical Techniques……………………………………………..157
3. Available Optical Techniques……………………….......................................159
4. Scientific Background………………………………......................................162
5. Lasers in Optical Techniques…………………………………………………163
6. Other Components…………………………………………............................164
7. Detection Techniques…………………………………………………………164
8. Lengthening the Optical Path…………………………………………………170
9. Electronics…………………………………………………………………….170
10. Calibration ………………………………………………………………..172
11. Environmental Constraints…………………………………………………..172
12. Examples: from the Laboratory to the Space………………………………..175
13. Costs and Markets…………………………………………………………...182
14. Conclusions………………………………………………….........................184
15. References…………………………………………………………………...184
Contents ix
11. SENSITIVE DETECTION TECHNIQUES IN LASER
SPECTROSCOPY………………………………………………………………….187
(W. Demtroeder, M. Keil, Th. Platz and H. Wenz)
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...187
2. Absorption Spectroscopy……………………………………………………..187
3. Opto-Acoustic Spectroscopy………………………………………………….192
4. Opto-Thermal Spectroscopy………………………………….........................194
5. Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy………………………………………………196
6. Resonant Two-Photon Ionization…………………………….........................197
7. Comparison of the Different Techniques…………………………………….199
8. Spectroscopy in Cold Molecular Beams……………………………………...200
9. Applications of Laser Spectroscopy………………………….........................200
10. Conclusion and Acknowledgements………………………………………...205
References……………………………………………………….........................206
12. LUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY OF SOLIDS: DELOCALIZED
SYSTEMS…………………………………………………………………………...207
(Baldassare Di Bartolo)
Abstract………………………………………………………………………….207
1. Delocalized Systems………………………………………….........................207
2. Processes in Delocalized Systems…………………………….........................216
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………226
References……………………………………………………….........................226
Bibliography……………………………………………………..........................226
13. LASER INDUCED BREAKDOWN
SPECTROSCOPY (LIBS)…………………………………………………………229
(R. Fantoni, L. Caneve, F. Colao, L. Fornarini, V. Lazic, V. Spizzichino)
Abstract………………………………………………………….........................229
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………...229
2. LIBS Instrumentation…………………………………………………………232
3. LIBS Data Analysis Procedddure……………………………….........................236
4. Applications to Artwork……………………………………………………...245
5. Applications to Environment…………………………………………………248
6. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………...252
7. References…………………………………………………….........................252