Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

370 Pages·2017·10.66 MB·English

by  Goel

Sudha Goel Editor
Advances in Solid
and Hazardous Waste
Management
Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste
Management
Sudha Goel
Editor
Advances in Solid and
Hazardous Waste
Management
Editor
SudhaGoel
DepartmentofCivilEngineering
IndianInstituteofTechnology
Kharagpur,WB,India
Co-published by Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, with Capital
PublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India.
Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 233 Spring Street,
NewYork10013,USA.
In allother countries, except SAARC countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,India,
Maldives,Nepal,PakistanandSriLanka—soldanddistributedbySpringer,Tiergartenstr.15,
69121Heidelberg,Germany.
InSAARCcountries—Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Bhutan,India,Maldives,Nepal,Pakistan
and Sri Lanka—printed book sold and distributed by Capital Publishing Company, 7/28,
MahaveerStreet,AnsariRoad,Daryaganj,NewDelhi110002,India.
ISBN978-3-319-57074-7 ISBN978-3-319-57076-1 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-57076-1
JointlypublishedwithCapitalPublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017940476
©CapitalPublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India2017
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt
fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained
hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith
regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
Printedonacid-freepaper
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature
TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Preface
Thefieldofsolidandhazardouswastemanagementhasbeengrowingexponentially
since the 1990s in India and several other countries. This growth has been fairly
all-inclusive.Commercial,academic,legal,andadministrativeinterestshaveresulted
inincreasedspendingonprojectsrelatedtothisfield.Alongwithmoreactivity,the
field has grown in terms of its scope, and today, it includes more topics than were
envisioned in the 1990s. Case studies, reviews, and examples pertaining to such
topicsinsolidandhazardouswastemanagementhavebeencompiledforthisbook.
The circular economy and the economics of solid waste management are two
majorchaptersinthisbook.Thebookalsoincludescharacterization,treatment,and
managementofdifferenttypesofsolidwaste:municipal,institutional,biomedical,
e-waste, plastics, and fly ash. Sampling and statistical methods for characterizing
waste are dealt with in another major chapter in this book. The fate and transport
of contaminants leaching from fly ash were modeled using software like
WiscLEACH, while the potential for groundwater contamination was modeled
usingDRASTIC,andareincludedinthisbook.
Composting is the best method for recycling the biodegradable fraction of
municipal solid waste. The book provides an overview of the fundamentals of
microbiology that are necessary for designing and operating biological processes
like composting. Several chaptersinclude remotesensing and GIS applicationsin
solid waste management and methods for effectively assimilating these data for
various environmental applications. Finally, this volume includes environmental
regulationspertainingtosolidandhazardouswastemanagementthatwouldbenefit
students,policymakers,andpractitioners.
Therearemanyotherissuespertainingtothisvastandgrowingareaofengineering
research, development, and management that remain to be addressed. I leave that to
otherexpertsandstudentsinthisfield.
Kharagpur,WB,India SudhaGoel
v
Acknowledgements
The idea of an edited volume on Advances in Solid and Hazardous Waste Man-
agementbeganwithtwoshort-termcoursesthatwereconductedin2007and2010
inIITKharagpur,sponsoredbyAllIndiaCouncilofTechnicalEducation(AICTE)
undertheQualityImprovementProgram(QIP).Theeditorwouldliketoacknowl-
edge their financial support and the whole-hearted administrative support of the
Civil Engineering Department and Department of Geology and Geophysics. Pro-
fessorDebashishSenguptaoftheDepartmentofGeologyandGeophysicshasbeen
a major motivator and collaborator in both courses and his contributions are
gratefullyacknowledgedhere.
Finally, many thanks to staff, students and teachers (past and present), col-
leagues, friends and family, who have all contributed in small and big ways to
thiseffort.
vii
Contents
1 SolidandHazardousWasteManagement:AnIntroduction. . . . . . 1
SudhaGoel
2 MovingTowardsaCircularEconomyinSolidWaste
Management:ConceptsandPractices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
MariaIsabelDumlao-TanandAnthonyHalog
3 InstitutionalWasteManagement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
SanjeevKumar,AnjaniDeviChintagunta,KnawangChhunjiSherpa,
andRintuBanerjee
4 ScientificApproachforMunicipalSolidWasteCharacterization. . . . 65
DirkWeichgrebe,ChristopherSpeier,andMoniMohanMondal
5 CharacterizationofMunicipalSolidWaste(MSW):
GlobalTrends. .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . 101
PrashanthKandakatla,VedPrakashRanjan,andSudhaGoel
6 ApplicationsofRemoteSensingandGeographicalInformation
System(GIS)inAssimilationofEnvironmentalData. . . . . . . . . . . 111
DebasisDeb
7 ApplicationsofRemoteSensingandGISinSolidWaste
Management–AReview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
DeblinaDuttaandSudhaGoel
8 EnvironmentalImpactsofPondAshDumpingatKolaghat
ThermalPowerPlant(KTTP)–Physico-chemical
CharacterizationofPondAsh............................... 153
PrasenjitGhoshandSudhaGoel
9 LeachingBehaviourofPondAsh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
PrasenjitGhoshandSudhaGoel
ix
x Contents
10 WQI,DRASTICandContaminantTransportModelling
UsingWiscLEACH2.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
PrasenjitGhoshandSudhaGoel
11 DegradationofPlastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
BijleeNithinandSudhaGoel
12 ElectronicWaste(E-Waste)GenerationandManagement. . . . . . . 249
DeblinaDuttaandSudhaGoel
13 SurveyofMunicipalSolidWaste(MSW)TreatmentMethods
andCompostSamples.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . 267
B.R.HiremathandSudhaGoel
14 DevelopmentandApplicationofaMulti-CriteriaDecision
Making(MCDM)ToolforSolidWasteManagement:
KolkataasaCaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
TumpaHazra,BhargabMaitra,andSudhaGoel
15 FundamentalsofMicrobiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
TandraMohanta,DeblinaDutta,andSudhaGoel
AppendixA................................................ 323
AppendixB................................................ 325
AppendixC................................................ 359
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Chapter 1
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management:
An Introduction
SudhaGoel
1 Introduction
Solidwastemanagementisnowacknowledgedasoneofthemajorenvironmental
issues of our times. It remains a challenge for developed countries and is an
exponentially growing problem for developing countries. The last four decades
are marked by several incidents highlighting problems with solid and hazardous
wastemanagementacrosstheworld.
1. Trans-boundary shipments of hazardous and solid waste have received world-
wide attention and media headlines. Infamous examples include Khian Sea
which started its journey from Philadelphia in 1986 and Mobro which started
its journey from New York in 1987; two US barges or ships with cargoes of
municipalsolidwastethatwentfromonecountrytoanotherlookingforaportto
dumptheirwastes.TheMobrowentallthewaytoBelizeandbroughtitscargo
back to Brooklyn, New York for incineration and landfilling.1 Many speculate
thatKhianSeadumpeditscargosomewhereintheIndianOceanin1988.2
2. Mostrecently,afirestartedon27January2016inIndia’soldestandlargestopen
dumpingsite,DeonarinMumbai,andwasvisibleinsatelliteimages(shownin
Fig.1.1).Itcontinuedforseveraldaysleadingtocomplaintsofairpollutionand
closure ofschools for2days.Themassivefire wasattributed tothebuildupof
methanegasintheopendumpwherethewastehadreachedheightsofmorethan
1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobro_4000
2http://www.neatorama.com/2007/08/15/worlds-most-unwanted-garbage-cargo-of-the-khian-sea/
S.Goel(*)
CivilEngineeringDepartment,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur,
Kharagpur721302,WB,India
e-mail:[email protected]
©CapitalPublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India2017 1
S.Goel(ed.),AdvancesinSolidandHazardousWasteManagement,
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-57076-1_1
2 S.Goel
Fig.1.1 PlumefromamassivefireinasolidwastedumpinDeonar,Mumbaion27Jan2016
(http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/)
30m.Firesinthisdumpingsitehavebeenrecurrentmakinglivingconditionsin
thesurroundingareasextremelydifficult.
3. Manysourceshaveidentifiedpoorsolidwastemanagementasoneofthemajor
contributingfactorstothespreadofplagueinSurat,Indiain1994.Incidentslike
these led to promulgation of the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and
Handling)RulesinIndiain2000.
4. Severalindustrialsitesallaroundtheworldremainunusableoratoxicnuisance
for their neighbours due to improper handling and management of hazardous
wasteson-site.OneoftheearliestandmostcitedexamplesintheUSAincludes
LoveCanal,NiagaraFalls,NewYork,wheretoxicwastewasdumpedthrough
the1920sandgotnationalattentiononlyin1976–1978.TheSuperfundprogram
(under the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act, RCRA for ensuring
proper disposal of solid and hazardous waste) was initiated in 1980 in the
USA and was the government’s response for remediating and rehabilitating
suchcontaminatedindustrialsites.
1.1 What Is Solid Waste?
Wasteisdefinedasanymaterialthatisdiscardedbythepossessororgeneratordue
toitslackofvaluetothem.Therefore,solidwasteisdefinedasanywastematerial
thatisneitherinliquidnorgaseousstate.Further,containerizedliquidandgaseous