Advances in Soil Liquefaction Engineering

195 Pages·2022·9.455 MB·English

by  Yoshimichi Tsukamoto, Kenji Ishihara

Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering
Yoshimichi Tsukamoto
Kenji Ishihara
Advances
in Soil
Liquefaction
Engineering
Springer Series in Geomechanics
and Geoengineering
SeriesEditor
WeiWu,UniversitätfürBodenkultur,Vienna,Austria
Geomechanicsdealswiththeapplicationoftheprincipleofmechanicstogeomaterials
including experimental, analytical and numerical investigations into the mechani-
cal,physical,hydraulicandthermalpropertiesofgeomaterialsasmultiphasemedia.
Geoengineeringcoversawiderangeofengineeringdisciplinesrelatedtogeomateri-
alsfromtraditionaltoemergingareas.
Theobjectiveofthebookseriesistopublishmonographs,handbooks,workshop
proceedings and textbooks. The book series is intended to cover both the state-of-
the-artandtherecentdevelopmentsingeomechanicsandgeoengineering.Besides
researchers, the series provides valuable references for engineering practitioners
andgraduatestudents.
IndexedbySCOPUS,EICompendex,INSPEC,SCImago.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/8069
·
Yoshimichi Tsukamoto Kenji Ishihara
Advances in Soil
Liquefaction Engineering
YoshimichiTsukamoto KenjiIshihara
DepartmentofCivilEngineering ResearchandDevelopmentInitiative
TokyoUniversityofScience ChuoUniversity
Noda,Chiba,Japan Bunkyo,Tokyo,Japan
ISSN1866-8755 ISSN1866-8763 (electronic)
SpringerSeriesinGeomechanicsandGeoengineering
ISBN978-981-15-5478-0 ISBN978-981-15-5479-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5479-7
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof
thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface
The studies on the mechanical properties of cohesive soils were advanced since
1930s,startingfromtheearlyperiodofgrowthinsoilmechanics.Thedevelopment
in this area was instigated mainly from the needs to clarify causes of failures or
unacceptablylargedeformationsofearthworksandfoundationsofstructuresandto
take into account these deleterious effects duly in the design. It is noticed that the
distressintheseearlydayswascausedmainlyinthesoildepositsconsistingofsoft
clayandsilt,andassociatedwiththephenomenatakingplaceslowlyinstaticloading
conditions.
Inthelaterperiodafter1960s,inparalleltosprawlingofurbandistrictsworldwide,
towardslow-lyingareasnearwaterfronts,therearoseanotherkindofnaturaldistress.
Thatisthesofteningofsandysoildepositsthatcouldoccurunderdynamicloading
conditionsduringearthquakes.Thus,soilliquefactionhasbecomeanimportantissue
forinvestigationtocomeupwithproperdesignconsiderationsforearthworksand
foundationsofstructures.
The studies on various aspects of soil liquefaction have been performed exten-
sivelyduringthelasthalfofacenturybyanumberofindividualsandorganisations.
Amongthesestudies,thegeotechnicallaboratoryinDepartmentofCivilEngineering
atTokyoUniversityofScience(TUS)hasbeeninvolvedextensivelyinthestudies
of soil liquefaction mainly through laboratory testing and field observations. The
majoritemsofthestudiesinvolved(1)factorsaffectingresidualstrengthassociated
with flow failures following liquefaction, (2) resistance of near-saturated sands to
triggeringofliquefactionand(3)fieldinvestigationsofseveralearthquake-affected
areas in Japan. What is described in this book is not an overall review of the state
of the art in the development of soil liquefaction engineering, and yet covers the
outcomeofthestudiesatTUS.However,inadditiontotheitemslistedabove,efforts
aremadetoincludenewfeaturesoffindings,whichmightbeofinterestandofuse
forreaders.
v
vi Preface
The outcome of the studies described in this book is the product of long-term
incessanteffortsduringtheperiodof1995to2020byanumberofstudentsatTUS,
especially Dr. H. Nakazawa and Dr. T. Kamata. The authors of this book wish to
expresstheirmindofsincereappreciationtotheseindividuals.
Chiba,Japan YoshimichiTsukamoto
Tokyo,Japan KenjiIshihara
About This Book
Thisbookdescribesrecentdevelopmentsinsoilliquefactionengineeringandintro-
ducesmoreappropriateproceduresthanthecurrentonestoevaluatetriggeringand
consequencesofsoilliquefactionduringearthquakes.Thetopicsthereforecoverall
aspects of soil behaviour following liquefaction during earthquakes. The contents
start with new approaches and new findings on characterisation of liquefaction
resistance and undrained shear strength of fully saturated, partially saturated and
unsaturated sand, which are fully based on laboratory tests. New approaches and
findingsarethendescribedontheuseofinsitusoundingtestsforcharacterisingtrig-
geringandconsequencesofsoilliquefaction,includingpost-liquefactionsettlement,
lateralspreadingandstabilityagainstflowslide.Allthetopicsareaccompaniedby
illustrativecasehistorydatafromrecentmajorearthquakesinJapan.
vii
Contents
1 LiquefactionResistanceofSaturatedSand ....................... 1
1.1 TriaxialTestApparatusforCyclicLoading .................... 1
1.2 ResistanceofSaturatedSandtoLiquefaction .................. 4
1.3 PhysicalPropertiesPertinenttoDynamicCharacterisation
ofSoils .................................................. 7
1.4 IntroducingNovelConceptsforDynamicCharacterisation
ofSand .................................................. 10
1.4.1 BinaryPackingofSoilParticles ....................... 10
1.4.2 SkeletonVoidRatioforEvaluatingLiquefaction
ResistanceofSoils .................................. 12
1.4.3 SkeletonVoidRatioforEvaluatingInitialShear
ModulusofSoils .................................... 18
1.5 RelationBetweenLiquefactionResistanceandInitialShear
ModulusofSoils .......................................... 21
References ..................................................... 24
2 CharacterisingUndrainedMonotonicBehaviourofSaturated
Sand .......................................................... 27
2.1 SteadyStateConcept ...................................... 27
2.2 EffectsofSamplePreparationMethodsonSteadyStates ........ 29
2.3 Behaviour of Saturated Sand Under Anisotropically
ConsolidatedUndrainedTriaxialCompression ................. 33
2.4 ConfiningStressParameters ................................ 37
2.5 SteadyStateLine .......................................... 37
2.6 PhaseTransformationLines ................................. 38
2.7 InitialDividingLine ....................................... 39
2.8 InitialStateRatioandUndrainedShearStrength ............... 40
References ..................................................... 45
ix
x Contents
3 CharacterisingUndrainedBehaviourofImperfectlySaturated
andUnsaturatedSands ......................................... 47
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 47
3.2 FullSaturation,ImperfectSaturationandUn-saturation ......... 47
3.3 VelocityofPrimaryWavePropagationV andCoefficient
p
ofPoreWaterPressureB ................................... 48
3.4 Degree of Saturation S and Coefficient of Pore Water
r
PressureB ................................................ 52
3.5 LaboratoryMeasurementsofPrimaryWaveandShearWave
VelocityforImperfectlySaturatedSand ...................... 53
3.6 LiquefactionResistanceofImperfectlySaturatedSand ......... 55
3.7 UndrainedShearStrengthofImperfectlySaturatedSand ........ 57
3.8 InitialShearModulusofUnsaturatedSand .................... 60
3.9 CyclicResistanceofUnsaturatedSand ....................... 64
3.10 UndrainedShearStrengthofUnsaturatedSand ................ 69
References ..................................................... 70
4 AnalysisonTriggeringofSoilLiquefactionIncludingEffects
ofImperfectSaturation ......................................... 73
4.1 FactorsAffectingTriggeringofSoilLiquefaction .............. 73
4.2 RevisitingEffectsofIrregularityofSeismicMotions ........... 75
4.3 EffectsofSoilAgeing ...................................... 76
4.4 EffectsofImperfectSaturation .............................. 81
References ..................................................... 85
5 UseofInSituSoundingTestsforEvaluatingSoilLiquefaction
Triggering ..................................................... 87
5.1 InSituSoundingTestsforDynamicCharacterisationofSoils .... 87
5.2 EstimatingLiquefactionResistanceofSoilsfromInSitu
SoundingTests ............................................ 88
5.2.1 StandardPenetrationTest ............................ 88
5.2.2 ConePenetrationTest ............................... 90
5.2.3 SwedishWeightSounding ............................ 92
5.3 EstimatingtheRelativeDensityfromSWSandCPT ........... 94
5.4 UseofVoidRatioRange ................................... 100
5.5 EstimatingLiquefactionResistanceofSoilsfromSWS ......... 101
5.6 CollectionofCaseHistoryData ............................. 103
5.6.1 SoilLiquefactionatSawarainKatoriCity .............. 103
5.6.2 SoilLiquefactionatHinodeinItakoCity ............... 105
5.6.3 LiquefactionofReclaimedBackfillsinIronSand
MininginAsahiCity ................................ 107
5.6.4 TrenchInvestigationsinItakoCity .................... 110
References ..................................................... 113