Table Of ContentAdvances in Smart Grid
Power System
Network, Control and Security
Edited by
Anuradha Tomar
Electrical Engineering Department
Eindhoven University of Technology
Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Electrical Engineering Department
JSS Academy of Technical Education
Noida, India
Ritu Kandari
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women
Delhi, India
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Contributors
Rashmi Agarwal, Department of Electrical Engineering, J.C.Bose University of
Science &Technology,YMCA, Faridabad, Haryana,India
A.V. Ajay, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NIE Institute of
Technology,Mysuru,Karnataka,India
Divya Asija, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Amity School
ofEngineeringand Technology,Amity UniversityUttarPradesh,Noida,India
Chittibabu B, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian
Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing Kancheepuram,
Chennai, TamilNadu,India
Narendra Babu P, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of
TechnologyMeghalaya,Shillong,Meghalaya,India
Manoj Badoni, Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering Department, Thapar
InstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Patiala,Punjab,India
Y.S.Brar,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IKGPTU,Kapurthala,Punjab,India
SumanaChattaraj,Indian InstituteofTechnologyJodhpur,Rajasthan, India
M. Gowtham, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NIE Institute of
Technology,Mysuru,Karnataka,India
NeerajGupta,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,
Srinagar,JammuandKashmir,India
Pankaj Gupta, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indira
Gandhi DelhiTechnicalUniversityforWomen, Delhi,India
Sanjay K. Jain, Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar
InstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Patiala,Punjab,India
Karan Singh Joshal, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of
Technology,Srinagar,JammuandKashmir,India
Ritu Kandari, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indira
Gandhi DelhiTechnicalUniversityforWomen, Delhi,India
Navdeep Kaur, Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering, Thapar
InstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Patiala,Punjab,India
Md.IrfanKhan,Supreme &Co. Pvt.Ltd.,Kolkata,WestBengal, India
Bharti Koul, Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT Hamirpur, Hamirpur,
HimachalPradesh, India
xi
xii Contributors
Y.BhuvanKumar,Department ofComputerScience andEngineering, NIEInstitute
ofTechnology,Mysuru,Karnataka,India
AshwaniKumar,DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,Indira
GandhiDelhiTechnicalUniversityforWomen, Delhi,India
Rajender Kumar Beniwal, Electrical Engineering Department, Sobhasaria Group of
Institutions,Sikar,Rajasthan,India
P. Manoj, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NIE Institute of Tech-
nology,Mysuru,Karnataka,India
SushriMukherjee,IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi,HauzKhas,NewDelhi,India
Rangababu P, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National
InstituteofTechnologyMeghalaya,Shillong,Meghalaya,India
Kaibalya Prasad Panda, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of
TechnologyMeghalaya,Shillong,Meghalaya,India
Gayadhar Panda, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of
TechnologyMeghalaya,Shillong,Meghalaya,India
DharmbirPrasad,AsansolEngineeringCollege,Asansol,West Bengal,India
B. Rajanarayan Prusty, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of
Technology,Vellore,India
Pushpendra,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,J.C.BoseUniversityofScience&
Technology,YMCA, Faridabad, Haryana, India
Mamata Rath, School of Management (Information Technology), Birla Global
University,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,India
KoushikSarkar,Supreme&Co.Pvt.Ltd.,Kolkata, WestBengal, India
Alka Singh, Electrical Engineering Department, Delhi Technological University,
Delhi,India
Kanwardeep Singh, Department of Electrical Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev
EngineeringCollege,Ludhiana,Punjab,India
RudraPratapSingh,Asansol EngineeringCollege,Asansol,WestBengal, India
Karan Singh Joshal, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of
Technology,Srinagar,JammuandKashmir,India
Anuradha Tomar, Electrical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of
Technology,Eindhoven,TheNetherlands;ElectricalEngineeringDepartment,JSS
AcademyofTechnicalEducation,Noida,India
DebeshShankarTripathy,NationalInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Berhampur,
Odisha,India
RajkumarViral,Department ofElectrical &ElectronicsEngineering, Amity School
ofEngineeringandTechnology,Amity UniversityUttarPradesh, Noida,India
D.B. Vishwas, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NIE Institute of
Technology,Mysuru,Karnataka,India
Chapter 1
An introduction to the smart
grid-I
Pankaj Gupta, Ritu Kandari, Ashwani Kumar
DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,IndiraGandhiDelhiTechnical
UniversityforWomen,Delhi,India
1. Introduction
Traditional power systems are designed considering power flow to be unidi-
rectional from generating station to consumers. The process involves step-up
of voltage at the generating station and thereby transmission of electricity
through transmission lines, which further steps down the voltage at the
distribution substation for feeding to consumers. Generators, transformers,
transmission lines, feeders, electromechanical metering, control, and protec-
tionunitsarethemaincomponentsofatraditionalpowersystem.Thissystem
isacentralizedgenerationsystemwherethegeneratingstationsarecentralized
with no direct link between the generating unit and end user. Most thermal
power plants today are becoming old, their efficiencies are coming down day
byday,andconcernshavebeenraisedabouttheirdepletionofcoal[1,2].The
potential for technological advancement in new business opportunities, aging
assets, environmental concerns, and a lack of circuit capacity create the need
for rapid replacement of these facilities, which is the biggest challenge [3].
Securityofsupplyrequiresareliableelectricitysupplyasagrowingnumberof
critical loads are connected to grid. However, over time, power systems
continue upgrading to provide more information, real-time monitoring, and
control by making use of communication architecture [4]. Promoting renew-
able energy may be one possible solution to tackle the challenges posed by
conventional energy resources [5]. Adding renewable energy sources (RESs)
to the maximum extent possible can lead to excess generation from installed
capacity and may reduce the gap between the peak energy requirement and
availableenergy.Thesegenerationsarelocallyavailableandlocation-specific,
so they are being embedded into the low-voltage distribution grid. The
distribution system has seen major changes because of distributed generation
(DG) being embedded into the distribution system, making the power flow
AdvancesinSmartGridPowerSystem.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824337-4.00001-1
Copyright©2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 1
2 AdvancesinSmartGridPowerSystem
bidirectional [6]. Generation is most commonly done from RESs: solar,
photovoltaic (PV), wind, etc. Liberalization of the energy market now allows
private operators and consumers to participate in buying and selling energy
alongwithutilities[7e9].Thisupgradehastransformedtheconventionalpower
system into a smart grid, which applies extensive communication to every
component of the power system for online monitoring, control, protection,
and metering purposes [10,11]. Two-way interactions between customers and
utilities, along with extensive use of sensors throughout the transmission and
distribution lines, make the grid smarter [12]. From a customer’s perspective,
customerscanorganizetheirconsumptionpatternsbasedonenergyavailability,
cost, and time of use; they may reduce their monthly energy bills by the
maximum amountpossible [13].The smart gridhelps the customer tomanage
their schedule for usage of electricity and choose the favorable time to sell or
purchase electricity [14]. One can participate and save on energy bills, by
generatingpowerfromarooftopsolarPVgeneration[15]andbyusingelectric
vehicle [16]. One of the major factors that put us in risk today is the huge
demand of electricity. Shortfalls of electricity means there is an energy gap
between generation and consumption. The distribution loss, demand response
management,energymanagementduringpeakhours,peakshortage[17],global
warming,reducedgasemission[18],competitivebidding[19],electricvehicles
[16],cybersecurity, Internet ofThings[20],and advanced communication [10]
are someareas ofresearchinthe smart gridscenario. Technically, control [21]
and protection [22] of the distribution system in a smart grid scenario are a
bigchallenge.Abroadcomparisonbetweentraditionalandsmartgridsisgiven
in Table 1.1.
Thischapterpresentsanintroduction tothesmartgridwithaviewtoward
the smart grid framework and road maps issued by the National Institute of
StandardsandTechnology(NIST)forfuturesmartgrids[23e25].Therestof
the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the traditional power
system in brief. Section 3 presents the NIST concept of the smart grid
framework. Section 4 discusses smart grid infrastructure and technologies.
Energy storage technologies are presented in Section 5. Benefits of the smart
grid as well as various challenges are discussed in Sections 6 and 7, respec-
tively. Section 8 concludes the chapter.
2. Traditional power system model
An electric power system (EPS) is a network of energy providers and con-
sumers interconnected with the help of transmission and distribution lines.
Fig. 1.1 is a pictorial view of a traditional power system model consisting of
generating stations, step-up transformer, transmission lines, step-down distri-
bution transformer, and distribution lines feeding various loads. Besides this,
there are control centers that help in operations and control of the EPS. The
powersystem protectionunitprotects the EPSduringvarious typesofsystem
Anintroductiontothesmartgrid-I Chapter | 1 3
TABLE1.1 Acomparison ofsmart andtraditionalgrids.
Feature Traditionalgrid Smartgrid
Powerflow Unidirectional Bidirectional
Communication One-way Two-way
Distributionsystem Passive Active
Monitoring Manual Self
Restoration Manual Self-healing
Complexity Lesscomplex Morecomplex
Customer No Yes
involvement
Resiliency Notresilient Betterresiliency
Sensors Fewersensors Extensiveuseofsensors
Control Centralized Centralizedand
decentralized
Meteringsystem Traditional Advancedmetering
(electromechanical) (electronic)
Industrial
Load
Commercial
Load
Transmission Network
Distribution
Generation Station Transformer
Domestic Load
Step-up Transformer
Power Generation Transmission Grid Distribution Grid
FIGURE1.1 Traditionalpowersystemmodel.
faults. The transmission of extra-high-voltage AC lines comprises 800/765,
400, 220e132kV, whereas the voltage of commonly used high-voltage DC
lines is as high as 500kV.
Power generation in a traditional EPS is typically from thermal power
stationsandhydropowerstations,withasmallproportionfromnuclearpower
stations, nonconventional energy resources, etc. Subtransmission customers
are connected to a 33kV line and primary customers to an 11kV line, while
4 AdvancesinSmartGridPowerSystem
Generation Transmission Distribution Utilization
FIGURE1.2 Powerflowinatraditionalelectricpowersystem.
secondary customersdi.e., residential loadsdare connected to a 400 V line,
which may further be stepped down to 220 V for various domestic purposes.
Customers may be industrial, commercial, or residential domestic types of
loads. The EPS structure is historically vertical in naturedthat is, energy is
produced at the generation station and then transmitted through transmission
lines at high voltage before being further stepped down at the distribution
transformer to feed various types of loads through distribution lines and
feeders. This means that power flow is unidirectional in a traditional EPSd
i.e., from generating stations to consumersdas shown in Fig. 1.2. Hence, the
control and protection of traditional power systems are designed assuming
unidirectional power flow [26]. The customers are only consumers of
electricityandhavenoroleinelectricitypricing,norcantheycontributetothe
grid even if they own a captive power plant.
3. Smart grid framework
Probable smart grid structures and expected features have been extensively
researchedduringthelastdecade[27,28].Theoverallfocusisoncontinuously
making the grid more automated and computerized. The smart grid supports
theinterconnectionofRESsinthelow-voltagedistributiongrid[29].Theflow
of electricity is now bidirectionaldi.e., from generating station to consumer
endandviceversa[22].Thegeneratingstationsgeneratenecessaryelectricity
according to total load requirements. All sectors of the power system have
remote control units that are connected to one central unit. As required,
conventional technologies are being modified and becoming more advanced,
whereas those technologies that become obsolete are removed. With
innovations and advancements in existing technologies, the utility grid has
become more resilient and intelligent [30]. The integration of smart and
intelligent devices for efficient, sustainable, and secure electric power flow
fromgenerationtoconsumptionmakesthesystemsmart.Itenablessmartand
automatic applications like energy storage, advance metering infrastructure
[31], smart distribution management [32], and demand response. Real-time
measurement and monitoring, big data, and intelligent computing are the
keyfeatures[33]thatmakethegridsmart.Usingadvancedautomatedcontrol
mechanisms, energy management schemes [32], smart sensors, and smart
meters[31]improvessystemstability,makingitmorereliable.Advancements
intechnologyhavemadeintegrationofRESspossible[34],hencemakingthe
flowofelectricitybidirectionalandallowingforactiveconsumerparticipation.
Anintroductiontothesmartgrid-I Chapter | 1 5
FIGURE1.3 SmartgridconceptualframeworkbytheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.
Customers may have the pleasure of “easy plug and play” [35], which means
they now can export and import energy according to their choices and costs.
Fig.1.3isapictorialviewofthesmartgridconceptdevelopedbytheNIST
[23,24]. It consists of seven domains, namely service providers, operations,
markets, generation, transmission, distribution, and customer domains. The
smart grid conceptually takes cares of secure communication between the
variousdomains.Thesmartgridoperatesbetweencustomers,bulkgeneration,
serviceproviders,andtheenergymarketwith thehelpofanoperating center.
Thereisasecurecommunicationinterfacebetweenallthedomains.Thesmart
gridconceptuallytakescareofelectricalenergyflowsbetweenbulkgeneration
tocustomersandviceversa.Together,theenergyandcommunicationinterface
between various domains conceptualizes the smart grid framework. The
bulk-generation domain includes conventional and nonconventional energy
resources. The customer domain includes industrial, commercial, and
domestic customers. The role of each domain as described in Refs. [23,24] is
summarized in Table 1.2 and discussed in the next subsections.
3.1 Bulk-generation domain
The bulk-generation domain includes all possible types of electricity genera-
tors that may participate in providing power to grid [23,24]. The bulk-
generation domain helps to generate power. Bulk generation may be further
classified into three classes, namely (1) renewable sources with variable
generation, (2) renewable sources with nonvariable generation, and (3)
nonrenewablesourceswithnonvariablegeneration,asshowninFig.1.4.There
is an electrical connection between the bulk-generation and transmission
domains. The bulk-generation domain shares information with the operation,
market, and transmission domains via a secure communication network.
