Advances in Reproductive Technology Research

178 Pages·04.78 MB·178\178

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - ANATOMY, ROLES AND DISORDERS

A R
DVANCES IN EPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH

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H R S -
UMAN EPRODUCTIVE YSTEM
A , R D
NATOMY OLES AND ISORDERS

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HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - ANATOMY, ROLES AND DISORDERS

A R
DVANCES IN EPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH

IGNATZ SANGER
EDITOR

New York
Copyright © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:23)(cid:20)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:27)(cid:26)(cid:25)(cid:16)(cid:23) (eBook)

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Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York
CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Nationwide Study of Assisted Reproductive
Technology and Multiple Births with Accompanied
Birth Defects 1
Syuichi Ooki
Chapter 2 Down's Syndrome Screening in Assisted
Conception Pregnancies 71
Ido Ben-Ami and Ron Maymon
Chapter 3 Sexed Semen Technology in Buffalo (Bubalus
bubalis) Breeding and Reproductive Technologies 111
Giorgio A. Presicce and Giuseppe Campanile
Chapter 4 Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Risk for
Autism Spectrum Disorder 141
Ditza A. Zachor and Esther Ben-Itzchak
Index 155

PREFACE

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) now accounts for 1-3% of all live
births in the western world. Several procedures that may be used in the ART
process are hormonal stimulation, egg retrieval, in vitro fertilization (IVF),
intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, micro-manipulation of gametes; and
exposure to culture medium. Although these techniques are considered safe, in
recent years evidence has been accumulating that ART may be associated with
an increased risk of birth defects, low birth weight, and genetic imprinting
disorders. This book provides current research in reproductive technology with
a focus on Down's Syndrome screening in assisted conception pregnancies;
sexed semen technology in buffalo breeding and reproductive technologies; a
nationwide study of assisted reproductive technology and multiple births and
accompanied birth defects; and assisted reproductive technologies and the risk
for autism spectrum disorder.
Chapter 1 - The effect of assisted reproductive technology (ART) and non-
ART ovulation stimulation fertility treatment on the number and rate of
multiple live births from 1974-2011 in Japan was estimated using vital statics
and ART statistics. The number of non-ART iatrogenic multiple births was
estimated by subtracting the ART multiples from the total iatrogenic multiples,
estimated by vital statistics, assuming that spontaneous multiple-birth rates
according to maternal age class would be constant. There was an overall
increase in the non-ART multiple births during the thirty-year period, whereas
ART multiples tended to increase from 1983 to 2005, and then rapidly
decreased thereafter. The number or percentage of ART multiples was almost
consistently lower than that of non-ART multiples.
Next, a reverse sigmoid curve was assumed and examined using
nationwide data associated with single embryo transfers (SET) from 2007 to
viii Ignatz Sanger
2010 in Japan. The multiple pregnancy rates decreased almost linearly when
the SET pregnancy rate was between about 40% and 80% of the regression
approximation. The linear approximation overestimated multiple pregnancy
rates in an early period and underestimated multiple pregnancy rates in the
final period. The multiple pregnancy rate seemed to be influenced by the
improvement of the total pregnancy rate of ART in the early period and by the
MZ twinning after a SET in the final period. The estimated MZ twinning rate
after the SET was around 2%.
Moreover, the relationship between ART and birth defects according to
plurality was analyzed. The above ART data includes information on birth
defects from 2004 to 2010. There were a total of 219,185 pregnancies after
ART. The relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for birth defect
categories according to the International Classification of Disease, 10th edition
were calculated with singletons as the reference group. Then, recurrence risk
ratios (RRRs), which were defined as the probandwise concordance rates of
birth defects in twins divided by the prevalence of birth defects in the general
population, were calculated as indicators of familial aggregation. In multiples
compared to singletons, the percentage of pregnancies with any birth defects
per 10,000 pregnancies was significantly higher (RR=1.70, 95% CI 1.50-1.93),
the percentage of birth defects per live births was not significantly higher
(RR=0.92, 95% CI 0.81-1.05). The most common birth defects of major
classification were congenital malformations of the circulatory system for both
singletons and multiples. RRs per pregnancy were significant for seven out of
the eleven main categories. There were 278 twin pairs, comprised of 14
concordant and 264 discordant pairs, with any birth defects.
Regarding major organ system classification, high probandwise
concordance rates were observed for the following: congenital malformations
of eye, ear, face, and neck (11.1%), chromosomal abnormalities not elsewhere
classified (10.3%), congenital malformations of the circulatory system (9.3%),
cleft lip and cleft palate (8.7%), and congenital malformations of the nervous
system (8.3%). High RRRs were observed for the following: congenital
malformations of the eye, ear, face and neck (RRR=218, 95%; CI 58-815),
specifically other congenital malformations of the ear (RRR=425, 95%; CI
117-1547); congenital malformations of the great arteries (RRR=203, 95%; CI
79-519), specifically those of the patent ductus arteriosus (RRR=445, 95%; CI
176-1130); and cleft lip and cleft palate (RRR=149, 95%; CI 39-564),
specifically cleft palate with cleft lip (RRR=499, 95%; CI 135-1840). The
probandwise concordance rate of any birth defect (9.6%) was nearly the same
as the approximated recurrence risk of first-degree relatives (9.0%), which