Table Of ContentAdvances in Remediation Techniques
for Polluted Soils and Groundwater
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Advances in Remediation
Techniques for Polluted
Soils and Groundwater
Edited by
Pankaj Kumar Gupta
Wetland Hydrology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Environment,
University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Basant Yadav
Department of Water Resources Development and Management (WRD&M),
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
Sushil Kumar Himanshu
Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources,
School of Environment, Resources and Development,
Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Contents
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS............................................................................xi
ABOUT THE EDITORS.................................................................................xv
CHAPTER1 Flowandmovementofgaseouspollutantsinthesubsurface:
CO dynamicsatacarboncaptureandstoragesite......................1
2
Shachi and Anuradha Garg
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................1
1.2 WorldwideCO storageprojects...................................................2
2
1.3 GaseousCO inthesubsurface....................................................3
2
1.4 FactorsaffectingCO migrationinthesubsurface.....................6
2
1.5 CO (cid:1)brine(cid:1)rockinteractioninthesubsurface..........................8
2
1.6 PotentialriskassociatedwithCO leakage...............................10
2
1.7 NumericalmodelingforinvestigatingCO dynamics...............11
2
1.8 ModelingofCO insubsurface:acasestudy............................12
2
1.9 Conclusionsandfutureprospective...........................................14
Acknowledgments..................................................................................15
References............................................................................................15
CHAPTER2 Column adsorption studiesfor the removalof chemical
oxygendemand from fish pond wastewater using
waste alum sludge.....................................................................21
Muibat D. Yahya, Ibrahim A. Imam and
Saka A. Abdulkareem
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................21
2.2 Materialsandmethods................................................................23
2.3 Resultsanddiscussion................................................................29
2.4 Conclusion....................................................................................43
References............................................................................................44
CHAPTER3 Farmmanagementpracticesforwaterqualityimprovement:
economicriskanalysisofwinterwheatproductioninthe
SouthernHighPlains..........................................................................49
Yubing Fan and Sushil KumarHimanshu
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................49
3.2 Data...............................................................................................50 v
vi Contents
3.3 Methods.........................................................................................53
3.4 Resultsanddiscussion................................................................56
3.5 Conclusion....................................................................................61
AppendixA..............................................................................................62
References............................................................................................64
CHAPTER4 Bioremediation ofcontaminatedsoilsby bacterial
biosurfactants.............................................................................67
SabahFatima, Muzafar Zaman,Basharat Hamid,
FaheemBashir,Zahoor AhmadBabaand
Tahir Ahmad Sheikh
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................67
4.2 Bacterialbiosurfactantsandtheirclassification.......................68
4.3 Roleofbacterialbiosurfactantsinthebioremediation
ofcontaminatedsoils...................................................................70
4.4 Conclusionandfutureprospectus..............................................78
References............................................................................................79
CHAPTER5 Evaluationofmachinelearning-basedmodeling
approachesingroundwaterquantityandqualityprediction.......87
Madhumita Sahoo
5.1 Overview........................................................................................87
5.2 PopularMltechniquesusedingroundwatermodeling............91
5.3 EfficacyofML-basedmodeling...................................................93
5.4 Conclusion....................................................................................96
References............................................................................................97
CHAPTER6 Microbial consortium for bioremediation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons polluted sites....................................105
PankajKumarGupta
6.1 Introduction.................................................................................105
6.2 PAHspollutants:source,toxicity,andmetabolicpathways........106
6.3 BioremediationofPAHs............................................................107
6.4 Plant(cid:1)microbesinteractions....................................................111
6.5 MicrobesandtheirconsortiumtodegradePAHs...................113
6.6 Microbialdegradationkineticsmodels....................................116
6.7 Conclusionandfuturerecommendations................................117
Acknowledgments................................................................................118
References..........................................................................................118
CHAPTER7 Fate, transport, and bioremediationof PAHs in
experimental domain:an overview of current status and
future prospects.......................................................................125
PankajKumarGupta,Manik Goel,SanjayK. Gupta and
Ram N. Bhargava
7.1 Introduction.................................................................................125
Contents vii
7.2 PAHsfateandtransportmechanisms.....................................127
7.3 StudiesinvestigatedPAHsbehaviorsinlaboratorydomain........128
7.4 PolishingPAH-pollutedsiteusingsubsurface-constructed
wetlands..............................................................................................131
7.5 Conclusiveremarkandfutureprospects.................................135
References..........................................................................................136
CHAPTER8 Mathematical modeling of contaminant transport
in the subsurfaceenvironment...............................................141
Abhay Guleriaand Sumedha Chakma
8.1 Introduction.................................................................................141
8.2 Contaminanttransportmodelsforsaturated
porousmedia..............................................................................143
8.3 Categorizationofmathematicalmodelingstudies
relatedtoIndiangroundwaterandsoilsystems.....................148
8.4 Contaminanttransportmodelinginthesubsurface
environmentusingmobile(cid:1)immobilemodel..........................158
8.5 Conclusionandfuturedirections..............................................163
Acknowledgment.................................................................................164
References..........................................................................................164
CHAPTER9 Impactsof climatic variabilityon subsurface water
resources..................................................................................171
Pankaj Kumar Gupta, BrijeshKumarYadav and
Devesh Sharma
9.1 Introduction.................................................................................171
9.2 Impactsonatmosphericboundary...........................................173
9.3 Impactsonwaterstorageandflowpattern.............................175
9.4 Impactsonground(cid:1)surfacewaterinteractions......................177
9.5 Impactsonsubsurfacewaterquality.......................................178
9.6 Methodologicalframeworkforevaluatingclimate
changeimpactsonsubsurface.................................................182
9.7 Conclusionandrecommendations...........................................183
Acknowledgment.................................................................................184
References..........................................................................................185
CHAPTER10 Microplastic in the subsurface system: Extraction and
characterization from sediments ofRiverGanga
near Patna,Bihar...................................................................191
Rashmi Singh, Rakesh Kumar and Prabhakar Sharma
10.1 Introduction............................................................................191
10.2 Materialsandmethod...........................................................199
10.3 Resultsanddiscussion..........................................................203
10.4 Conclusion..............................................................................212
References........................................................................................213
viii Contents
CHAPTER11 Assessment oflong-term groundwater variation
in India using GLDAS reanalysis...........................................219
SwatantraKumarDubey,PreetLal,PandurangChoudhari,
AdityaSharmaandAdityaKumarDubey
11.1 Introduction............................................................................219
11.2 Datausedandmethodology..................................................221
11.3 Resultsanddiscussion..........................................................223
11.4 Conclusion..............................................................................229
References........................................................................................230
CHAPTER12 Emerging contaminants in subsurface: sources,
remediation, and challenges.................................................233
Anuradha Garg and Shachi
12.1 Introduction............................................................................233
12.2 Sourcesofemergingcontaminantsingroundwater..........234
12.3 Detectionandanalysis...........................................................237
12.4 Typesofemergingcontaminants.........................................238
12.5 Fateofemergingcontaminantsingroundwater.................240
12.6 Potentialrisksassociatedwithemerging
contaminants..........................................................................242
12.7 Remediationofemergingcontaminants..............................244
12.8 Challengesandscope...........................................................246
12.9 Discussionandconclusion....................................................247
References........................................................................................247
CHAPTER13 Selenium and naturally occurring radioactive
contaminants in soil(cid:1)water systems...................................259
PankajKumarGupta,GauravSaxenaandBasantYadav
13.1 Introduction............................................................................259
13.2 Selenium:distributioninIndiansoil(cid:1)watersystems.........260
13.3 Naturallyoccurringradioactivematerial:
distributioninIndiansoil(cid:1)watersystems...........................261
13.4 Remedialmeasures...............................................................262
13.5 Fieldscaleimplicationsandfutureresearch......................264
References........................................................................................264
CHAPTER14 Understanding and modeling the processof seawater
intrusion: areview.................................................................269
Lingaraj Dhaland SabyasachiSwain
14.1 Background............................................................................269
14.2 Seawaterintrusionprocess..................................................270
14.3 Measurementandmonitoringofseawaterintrusion.........276
14.4 Seawaterintrusionmodelingandprediction......................278
14.5 Managementofseawaterintrusion......................................280
14.6 Seawaterintrusion,climatechange,andsealevelrise.........282
14.7 Conclusion..............................................................................283
References........................................................................................283
Contents ix
CHAPTER15 Prioritizationof erosionprone areas based on
asediment yield index forconservation treatments:
Acase study ofthe upperTapiRiverbasin.........................291
SantoshS. Palmate, Kumar Amrit, Vikas G. Jadhao,
Deen Dayal and Sushil KumarHimanshu
15.1 Introduction............................................................................291
15.2 Studyarea...............................................................................293
15.3 Dataused................................................................................293
15.4 Methodology...........................................................................298
15.5 Resultsanddiscussion..........................................................301
15.6 Summaryandconclusions....................................................305
References........................................................................................306
CHAPTER16 Advances in hydrocarbon bioremediation products:
natural solutions....................................................................309
PankajKumarGupta
16.1 Introduction............................................................................309
16.2 Engineeredconstructedwetlands........................................310
16.3 Nativeandspecializedmicrobialcommunities...................312
16.4 Biodieselsasbiostimulators.................................................313
16.5 Phycoremediation..................................................................315
References........................................................................................315
CHAPTER17 Nitrate-Nmovement revealed by a controlled in situ
solute injection experiment in the middle Gangetic
plains of India.........................................................................319
PankajKumarGupta,Basant Yadav,
KristellLe Corre and Alison Parker
17.1 Introduction............................................................................319
17.2 Studysite................................................................................321
17.3 Methodology...........................................................................324
17.4 Resultsanddiscussion..........................................................325
17.5 Conclusion..............................................................................332
CRediTauthorshipcontributionstatement.....................................332
Conflictsofinterest...........................................................................332
Acknowledgment...............................................................................333
Dataavailability..................................................................................333
References........................................................................................333
CHAPTER18 Integrated water resources management in
Sikta irrigationsystem, Nepal..............................................337
Rituraj Shukla, IshwariTiwari, DeepakKhare and
RameshP. Rudra
18.1 Introduction............................................................................337
18.2 Studyarea...............................................................................338
