Table Of ContentQ0172_9781786345783_tp.indd 1 8/1/19 11:43 AM
b2530 International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads
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ADVANCES IN PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS OF OPTICALLY AND THERMALLY
STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE
Copyright © 2019 by World Scientific Publishing Europe Ltd.
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Preface
In the present volume, an international group of researchers closely
involved in the study of various aspects of thermally stimulated
luminescence (thermoluminescence, TL) and optically stimulated
luminescence (OSL) has undertaken the endeavor of summing up
recent advances in these subjects. This subject, mainly associated
with the effects of trapped charge on luminescence processes, started
to develop quickly with the work of Randall and Wilkins in 1945,
although much earlier accounts on TL can befoundin the literature.
In fact, as early as 1904, Mme. M. Curie mentioned TL in her
doctoral dissertation. In the English translation of her thesis, one
can read: “certain bodies, such as fluorite, become luminous when
heated; they are thermo-luminescent. Their luminosity disappears
after some time, but the capacity of becoming luminous afresh
through heat is restored to them by the action of a spark and also
by the action of Radium”. At the beginning, TL was considered
merely as a pure scientific method to study the luminescence effects
of imperfections in solids, but rather early on, applications in
dosimetry, archaeology and geology developed. At a later stage,
the physics as well as the applications of OSL have been studied
and implemented. Nowadays, the community of “trapped charge
dosimetry and dating” includes several thousands of researches all
over the world, publishing hundreds of papers each year describing
the advances in the theoretical, experimental and applied aspects of
these luminescence and related subjects.
v
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vi Preface
This volume consists of 12 chapters written by leading figures
in these fields from all over the world, describing state of the art
research. Among other approaches, the use of numerical simulations
of these luminescence effects has been considered. Due to the special
role of quartz in dating, a chapter is devoted to the properties of
this material. Two other chapters deal with thermally assisted OSL
and time resolved luminescence. As for the chapters on applications,
two chapters deal with TL/OSL archaeological dating and photo-
and thermo-chronology dating of geological samples. Regarding
dosimetry, a chapter is devoted to retrospective dosimetry based on
measurements on ubiquitous materials, another chapter deals with
dosimetry of cosmic radiation in space and a thirdonesums upsome
medical applications of luminescent materials.
The first chapter has been written by Dr. Reuven Chen and
covers recent advances in the theory of delocalized transitions in
TL and OSL processes. Dr. Chen is Emeritus Professor at Tel
Aviv University. His main research area has been TL and OSL, in
particular theoretical studies supported by numerical simulations.
He has published about 200 peer-reviewed papers on experimental
and theoretical aspects of TL and OSL and is co-author of a
number of books and chapters in multi-authored books in the
field. His experimental research included luminescence properties of
quartz, diamonds, Aluminum Oxide, fluorides and other materials.
His theoretical work has covered methods of evaluating trapping
parameters from TL curves based on peaks shape and on the
heating-rate dependence,andtherelation betweenTLandthermally
stimulated conductivity (TSC). In addition, he has made major
contributions in the study of dose and dose-rate dependencies of
TL and OSL, including superlinear behavior. He has also carried
out fundamental studies on the order of kinetics in the TL and OSL
processes, including linear-modulated OSL.
The summary of advances in delocalized luminescence processes
in Chapter 1, is followed by the complementary review of localized
processes by Dr Vasilis Pagonis in Chapter 2. Dr. Pagonis is the
co-author of two books in the field of luminescence dosimetry,
and his published work of more than 130 papers covers both
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Preface vii
experimentalandtheoreticalaspectsofTL,OSL,Time-resolvedOSL
and Thermally-activated OSL. He has developed numerous models
for the luminescence mechanisms of quartz, alumina and lumines-
cence materials exhibiting quantum tunneling processes (apatites,
feldspars). He has made major contributions in the use of Monte
Carlo techniques for describing the luminescence mechanism in
dosimetric applications, and especially in the area of nanodosimetric
materials. His most recent work includes applications of TL signals
from feldspars for temperature sensing and thermochronometry
applications. His collaboration with Dr. George Kitis has resulted
in the development of new analytical equations describing TL, OSL
and IRSL signals from feldspars and apatites, and in a better
understanding of the tunneling processes in these materials.
Chapter 3 has been written by Drs. Yigal S. Horowitz, Leonid
Oster and Ilan Eliyahu, and covers the very important effects
of ionization density in TL mechanisms and dosimetry. Professor
Horowitz’s maincontributionswereinhisdevelopmentoftheUnified
Interaction Model which describes many of the features of thermo-
luminescence (TL) gamma dose response and the sister model, the
ExtendedTrackInteractionModel,describingheavychargedparticle
fluence response. He was among the first to describe and develop the
many possible applications of computerized glow curve analysis to
TL phenomena. His more recent contributions are in the unraveling
ofthemysteriesoftheLiF:Mg,Tisystemviaopticalabsorption(OA)
andTLglow curveinvestigations, whichhave revealed thecomposite
structure of the main dosimetric peak as arising from a mixture
of localized and delocalized recombination. These studies have
now been incorporated into increasingly complex and generalized
kinetic simulations of TL and OA and have led to a unifying and
deep understanding of many of the aspects of the theory of TL
systems.
Dr. Leonid Oster has developed mechanisms and applications of
exoelectron emission (EEE) from insulating materials, which permit
one to propose the experimental criteria for systematization of
thermo – and photostimulated exoelectron emission mechanism. He
was one of the pioneers in the use of alkali-earth sulphates based
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viii Preface
TSEE dosimeters via the development of a CaSO4:Mn,Na material
usingtheprecipitation methodwithasurplusofanion vacancies. His
studies of new ultra-sensitive TLD materials allowed to establish the
optimalreadoutprocedureandthusremovedthefinalobstacletothe
widespreaduseofLiF:Mg,Cu,P chipsinradiation protection dosime-
try. Prof. L. Oster is carrying out a multi-pronged investigation of
the LiF:Mg,Ti system using a variety of experimental techniques
including optical absorption, and spectral emission analysis using an
advanced CCD spectrophotometer, heavy charged particles studies,
glow curve kinetic analysis as a function of dopant concentration as
well as optical bleaching.
Dr. Ilan Eliyahu’s research interests are in the broad areas of
Radiation Physics with special emphasis on Thermoluminescent
Dosimetry, particularly heavy charged particle response,track struc-
ture theory, kinetics of thermoluminescent materials, defect studies
and Monte Carlo calculations for radiation dosimetry. Additional
interests include radiation protection, especially non ionizing radi-
ation, the effects of radiation on human cognitive functions and the
development of advanced measurement techniques.
Chapter 4 has been written by Drs. George S. Polymeris and
George Kitis, and covers the topic of Thermally Assisted Optically
Stimulated Luminescence (TA – OSL), which is of importance in
both luminescence dosimetry and luminescence dating.
Dr.George S.Polymeris isaresearcher at theInstituteof Nuclear
Sciences of Ankara University in Turkey. His research interests
include the techniques of TL, OSL, Electron Paramagnetic Reso-
nance (EPR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.
He has published more than 125 peer-reviewed scientific papers in
these fields, covering (a) the analysis of complex experimental curves
of TL, OSL and FTIR, (b) the study of athermal fading of signals
arising from a mixture of localized and delocalized recombination
in feldspars and apatites and (c) several alternative applications of
luminescence beside dating and dosimetry. His contributions include
the use of luminescence as a probe for archaeo-thermometry in pot-
teryandmasonry,solidstatebioactivity characterization ofbioactive
materials and oxidation study of Mg2Si thermoelectric materials.
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Preface ix
Major contributions include the pioneering studies of thermally
assisted OSL (TA – OSL) in Al2O3:C and quartz, towards accessing
stable very deep electron traps (VDTs) and thus luminescence age
limit extension beyond ages of one million years.
Dr. Kitis is Professor of Physics at Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Greece. His research work in TL and OSL is both
experimental and theoretical, and includes over 200 peer-reviewed
publications. He is highly interested in the development of analytical
expressionsforTLandOSL,whicharesuitableforapplication inthe
analysis of complex experimental curves, through computerized glow
curve deconvolution (CGCD) procedures. Recently, he contributed
to the analytical solution of the one trap one recombination center
(OTOR) model based on the Lambert W function, as well as, to the
analytical solution of a localized tunneling recombination model. He
studies new alternative natural dosimeters, to be used for dating in
archaeology and geology. He was a member of the pioneer research
group in the studies of thermally assisted OSL (TA – OSL) in
Al2O3:C and quartz, towards accessing very deep electron traps
(VDTs), which are much more stable. He is currently studying
TA – OSL in various materials, such as quartz and apatites, thus
contributing in efforts to extend luminescence dating limits beyond
one million years.
Chapter 5 by Drs. Marco Martini and Mauro Fasoli covers recent
developments in our understanding of the luminescence mechanism
andrelateddefectsinquartz.TheearlycontributionsofProf.Martini
concerned the ionic conductivity in quartz and the relationship with
its luminescence properties, mainly related to the so-called pre-dose
◦
effect of the 110 C TL peak. The development of a model featuring
◦
the [AlO4] as a luminescence center dates back to 1995. In the
last 10 years, together with Prof. Fasoli, his research has focused
on a detailed investigation of quartz spectroscopy exploiting the
radioluminescence technique coupled to wavelength resolved TL.
This investigation allowed the identification of the spectral param-
eters of quartz emission bands and their dependence on thermal
annealing, showing the composite nature of both UV and blue
emissions. Recently, by means of EPR technique, the identification
