Advances in Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Volume 229

193 Pages·2011·11.685 MB·English

Advances in Nanomaterials
and Nanostructures
Advances in Nanomaterials
and Nanostructures
Ceramic Transactions, Volume 229
Edited by
Kathy Lu
Navin Manjooran
Miladin Radovic
Eugene Medvedovski
Eugene A. Olevsky
Chris Li
Gurpreet Singh
Nitin Chopra
Gary Pickrell
®WILEY
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ISBN: 978-1-118-06002-5
ISSN: 1042-1122
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Contents
Preface ix
CONTROLLED PROCESSING OF NANOPARTICLE-BASED
MATERIALS AND NANOSTRUCTURED FILMS
Effect of Focused Ion Beam Patterning on Enlarging Anodization 3
Window and Interpore Distance for Ordered Porous Anodic Alumina
Bo Chen, Kathy Lu, and Zhipeng Tian
Thin Films of Ti0 with Au Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic 13
2
Degradation of Methylene Blue
F. Palomar, I. Gomez, and J. Cavazos
New Entropie Routes for Nano-Bands and Nano-Particles 21
H. P. Li, G. K. Dey, and J. A. Sekhar
Photoinduced Shape Evolution of Silver Nanoparticles: From 35
Nanospheres to Hexagonal and Triangular Nanoprisms
Thelma Serrano, Idalia Gomez, and Rafael Colas
Synthesis of CdS Nanocrystals Stabilized with Sodium Citrate 45
Thelma Serrano, Idalia Gomez, Rafael Colas, and Jose Cavazos
Freezing Behavior and Properties of Freeze Cast Kaolinite-Silica 57
Porous Nanocomposite
Wenle Li, Kathy Lu, and John Y. Walz
Controlling the Size of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Drug Applications 69
Luiz Fernando Cotica, Valdirlei Fernandes Freitas, Gustavo Sanguino Dias, Ivair
Aparecido dos Santos, Sheila Caroline Vendrame, Najeh Maissar Khalil, and
Rubiana Mara Mainardes
Chemical Growth and Optoelectronic Characteristics of Ti0 Thin Film 77
2
Chinedu Ekuma, Israel Owate, Eziaku Osarolube, Evelyn Esabunor, and
Innocent Otu
Synthesis of Manganese Oxides Nanocompounds for Electrodes in 83
Electrochemical Capacitors
R. Lucio, I. Gomez, L. Torres, and P. Elizondo
NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENERGY, HEALTHCARE AND INDUSTRY
Finite Element Modeling of Sapphire Photonic Crystal Fibers 97
Neal T. Pfeiffenberger and Gary R. Pickrell
Magnetically-Driven Release Media Comprising of Carbon 107
Nanotube-Nickel/Nickel Oxide Core/Shell Nanoparticle
Heterostructures Incorporated in Polyvinyl Alcohol
Wenwu Shi and Nitin Chopra
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Dispersion Structures for Improved 115
Energy Density in Supercapacitors
Joshua J. Moore and John Z. Wen
The Mechanochemical Formation of Functionalized Semiconductor 129
Nanoparticles for Biological, Electronic and Superhydrophobic
Surface Applications
Steffen Hallmann, Mark J. Fink, and Brian S. Mitchell
Synthesis of ZnO Nanostructures and Their Influence on 143
Photoelectrochemical Response for Solar Driven Water Splitting to
Produce Hydrogen
Sudhakar Shet, Heli Wang, Todd Deutsch, Nuggehalli Ravindra, Yanfa Yan, John
Turner, and Mowafak Al-Jassim
Capped CoFe 0 Nanoparticles: Non-Hydrolytic Synthesis, 155
2 4
Characterization, and Potential Applications as Magnetic
Extractants and in Ferrofluids
Tarek M. Trad, Rose M. Alvarez, Edward J. McCumiskey, and Curtis R. Taylor
Nanomaterial Fiber Optic Sensors in Healthcare and Industry 163
Applications
K. Sun, N. Wu, C. Guthy, and X. Wang
Plasmonic Silver Nanoparticles for Energy and Optoelectronic 171
Applications
Haoyan Wei
vi · Advances in Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
NANOLAMINATED TERNARY CARBIDES
Tribofilm Formation using Ti AIC Material 187
2
P. Kar, S. Kundu, M. Radovic, and H. Liang
Author Index 195
Advances in Nanomaterials and Nanostructures · vii
Preface
There have been extraordinary developments in nanomaterials in the past two
decades. Nanomaterial processing is one of the key components for this success.
This volume is a collection of the papers presented at three nanotechnology related
symposia held during the Materials Science and Technology 2010 conference
(MS&T'IO), October 17-21, 2010 in Houston, Texas. These symposia included
Controlled Processing of Nanoparticle-based Materials and Nanostrctured Films;
Nanotechnology for Energy, Healthcare, and Industry; and Nanolaminated Ternary
Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases).
Nanoparticle-based materials and nanostructured films hold great promise to en-
able a broad range of new applications. This includes high energy conversion effi-
ciency fuel cells, smart materials, high performance sensors, and structural materi-
als under extreme environments. However, many barriers still exist in
understanding and controlling the processing of nanoparticle-based materials and
nanostructured films. In particular, agglomeration must be controlled in powder
synthesis and processing to enable the fabrication of homogeneous green or com-
posite microstructures, and microstructure evolution must be controlled to preserve
the size and properties of the nanostructures in the finished materials. Also, novel
nanostructure designs are highly needed at all stages of bulk and thin film nanoma-
terial formation process to enable unique performances, low cost, and green engi-
neering. This volume focuses on three general topics, 1) Processing to preserve and
improve nanoscale size, structure, and properties, 2) Novel design and understand-
ing of new nanomaterials, such as new synthesis approaches, templating, and 3D
assembly technologies, and 3) Applications of nanoparticle assemblies and com-
posites and thin films.
We would like to thank all symposium participants and session chairs for con-
tributing to these high-quality and well attended symposia. Special thanks also go
ix
out to the reviewers who devoted time reviewing the papers included in this vol-
ume. The continuous support from The American Ceramic Society is also grateful-
ly acknowledged. This volume reflects the quality, the scope, and the quality of the
presentations given and the science described during the conference.
KATHY LU
NAVIN MANJOORAN
MlLADIN RADOVIC
EUGENE MEDVEDOVSKI
EUGENE A. OLEVSKY
CHRIS LI
GURPREET SINGH
NITIN CHOPRA
GARY PICKRELL
x · Advances in Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
Advances in Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
Edited by Kathy Lu, Navin Manjooran, Miladin Radovic, Eugene Medvedovski,
Eugene A. Olevsky, Chris Li, Gurpreet Singh, Nitin Chopra and Gary Kckrell
Copyright © 2011 The American Ceramic Society
Controlled Processing
of Nanoparticle-Based
Materials and
Nanostructured Films
Advances in Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
Edited by Kathy Lu, Navin Manjooran, Miladin Radovic, Eugene Medvedovski,
Eugene A. Olevsky, Chris Li, Gurpreet Singh, Nitin Chopra and Gary Kckrell
Copyright © 2011 The American Ceramic Society
EFFECT OF FOCUSED ION BEAM PATTERNING ON ENLARGING ANODIZATION
WINDOW AND INTERPORE DISTANCE FOR ORDERED POROUS ANODIC
ALUMINA
Bo Chen, Kathy Lu, Zhipeng Tian
Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
ABSTRACT
Highly ordered porous anodic alumina with alternating-sized pores and in hexagonal and
square arrangements has been produced with focused ion beam patterning guided anodization.
Deeper focused ion beam patterned concaves induce better developed pores during the anodization.
Focused ion beam patterning also effectively enlarges the anodization window; ordered
alternating-sized nanopore arrangement and square arrangement with 150 nm interpore distance
can be produced at 40-80 V potentials. Under the guidance of FIB patterned concaves in Moire
patterns, different alumina nanopore arrays in Moire patterns can be obtained after the anodization.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, nanomaterials have attracted great interest due to their unique electronic,
magnetic, and optoelectronic properties and a broad range of applications in new nano-devices1."8
Among different fabrication methods of nanomaterials, templating based on porous anodic
alumina has the advantage of offering uniform diameter and controlled aspect ratio pores, which
can then be used to create high density and perfectly vertical nanorod and nanowire arrays.
Self-organized porous anodic alumina cannot provide highly ordered nanopores across
large areas, the honeycomb-like structure is limited in only several micrometer scale. Even though
two-step anodization process can increase the area of highly ordered nanopore arrays, the
anodization condition is limited in a narrow window: 63 nm (0.3 M sulfuric acid, 25 V),9"11 100 nm
(0.3 M oxalic acid, 40 V),12"13 500 nm (0.3M phosphoric acid, 195 V),14"15 and only hexagonal
arrangement of uniform diameter pores can be produced. Attempts to fabricate porous anodic
alumina with arrangement other than hexagon and with different pore diameter have been made.
Square arrangement of square nanopores was synthesized using nano-indentation.1 "' Similarly,
triangular anodic alumina nanopores with a graphite lattice structure were synthesized with the
guidance of nano-indented graphite lattice structure concaves. With the guidance of the focused
ion beam created gradient- and alternating-sized concave patterns, hexagonally ordered gradient-
and alternating-sized nanopore arrays were produced. Moreover, Y-branched anodic alumina
oxide channels were first fabricated by reducing the anodization voltage by a factor of 1/V2. '
Similarly, after primary stem pores were fabricated by a typical two-step anodization process,
n-branched nanopores were created by reducing the anodization voltage by a factor of 1/%/n.22"24
Moreover, tree-like nanopore arrays were obtained by further reducing the anodization voltage by
a factor of 1/Vrn to generate the third layer of the branced pores at the bottom of the second layer
of branched pores. All the interpore distances of the above discussed porous anodic alumina were
3