Advances in Microbial Ecology

445 Pages·1993·13.9 MB·English

by  Val H. Smith (auth.), J. Gwynfryn Jones (eds.)

Advances in
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
Volume 13
ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
Sponsored by the International Committee on Microbial Ecology
(ICOME), a committee of the International Union of
Microbiological Societies (IUMS) and the International Union of
Biological Sciences (IUBS)
EDITORIAL BOARD
Bernhard Schink
Universitiit Konstanz
Konstanz, Germany
Warwick F. Vincent
Universite Laval
Quebec, Canada
David Ward
Montana State University
Bozeman, Montana
A Continuation Order Plan is available for tbis series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each
new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further
information please contact the publisher.
Advances in
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
Volume 13
Edited by
J. Gwynfryn Jones
Freshwater Biological Association
Ambleside, Cumbria, England
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
The Library of Congress cataJoged the fust volume of this title as follows:
Advances in microbial ecology. v. 1-
New York, Plenum Press c1977-
v. ill. 24 cm.
Key title: Advances in microbial ecology, ISSN 0147-4863
1. Microbial ecology-Collected works.
QR100.A36 576'.15 77-649698
ISBN 978-1-4613-6238-8 ISBN 978-1-4615-2858-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-2858-6
© 1993 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press New York in 1993
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1993
Ali rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Fernando Dini, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Sez.
Protistologia, Universita di Pisa 56126 Pisa, Italy
Ricardo Guerrero, Departament de Microbiologia, Universitat de Barcelona,
E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
Junko Hama, Water Research Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku,
Nagoya 464-01, Japan
Takeo Hama, Water Research Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya
464-01, Japan
Nobuhiko Handa, Water Research Institute, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku,
Nagoya 464-01, Japan
David Lloyd, Microbiology Group (PABlO), University of Wales College of
Cardiff, Cardiff CFl 3TL, Wales
E. Richard Moxon, Molecular Infectious Diseases Group, Institute of Molecu
lar Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3
9DU, England
Steven Y. Newell, Marine Institute, University of Georgia, Sapelo Island, Geor
gia, 31327
Dennis Nyberg, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60680
Carlos Pedros-Alio, Institut de Ciencies del Mar, CSIC, E-08039 Barcelona,
Spain
Paul B. Rainey, Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Oxford
OX1 3SR, England
Richard D. Robarts, National Hydrology Research Institute, Environment Can
ada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
Val H. Smith, Station de Biologie des Laurentides, Departement de Sciences
Biologiques, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 317, Canada
Ian P. Thompson, Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology, Ox
ford OX1 3SR, England
Thomas Weisse, Limnological Institute of Constance, D-7750 Constance, Ger
many
Alan G. Williams, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr KA6 5HL, Scotland
Tamar Zohary, The Yigal Allon Kinneret Laboratory, Tiberias 14102, Israel
v
Preface
Kevin Marshall is a hard act to follow. Volume 13 of Advances in Microbial
Ecology has been produced by a new editorial board, and we, the members of
that board, are delighted to have the opportunity to pay tribute to Kevin's
achievements. In his time as Series Editor, the quality of the chapters submitted
and the range of subject matter covered have ensured an expanding and more
stimulated readership. This represents a considerable achievement, given the
growth in the number of review volumes and the increasing tendency for journals
to publish review articles. The achievement was reached not only through metic
ulous attention to quality and detail but also by providing a forum for the
expression of views, information, and results that would stimulate discussion.
Advances in Microbial Ecology will continue to provide such a focus, although,
because of the frequency of publication, it would not be practicable to introduce
a "reply" or "comment" section. Although we do not deliberately aim to provide
a forum for controversy, we encourage speculation based on sound scientific
arguments. In addition, we would like to encourage authors to offer chapters for
consideration. In the past, the volumes have largely comprised invited chapters.
With the best will in the world, an editorial board of four cannot claim adequate
coverage of such a vast and rapidly developing research area. We would there
fore welcome submission of outline plans for chapters, which should be sent to
the Editor.
As we have indicated above, the success of Advances in Microbial Ecology
has been based, in good part, on the breadth of material covered. We trust that
Volume 13 does not break this mold. Chapters range from the details of particular
methodology to an examination of aspects of ecological theory, from a detailed
study of one aspect of the cell cycle to a synthesis of the microbiology of a whole
lake. We hope that such a variety satisfies the criteria laid down by Kevin
Marshall; we thank him for all that he has done, during his period as Series
Editor, to stimulate the subject of microbial ecology.
1. Gwynfryn Jones, Editor
Bernhard Schink
Warwick F. Vincent
David Ward
vii
Contents
Chapter 1
Implications of Resource-Ratio Theory for Microbial Ecology
Val H. Smith
I. Introduction .............................................. 1
2. Fundamentals of Resource-Ratio Theory ...................... 3
2.1. Competition for a Single Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Types of Resources ................................... 5
2.3. Competition for Multiple Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. Effects of Resource Supply Ratios on Microbial Competition ..... 10
4. Resource Supply Ratios and the Outcome of Infectious Disease ... 14
4.1. Nutrients and Competition within the Vertebrate Hosts ...... 14
4.2. Viral Infections and the Dynamics of AIDS ............... 19
4.3. Nutrients, Competition, and Plant Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5. Resource Supply Ratios and the Formation of Stable Symbioses ... 22
5.1. Resource Ratios and the Green Hydra Symbiosis ........... 22
5.2. Relevance to Endosymbiotic Theory ..................... 26
6. Conclusions .............................................. 27
References ............................................... 29
Chapter 2
13C Tracer Methodology in Microbial Ecology with Special
Reference to Primary Production Processes in Aquatic Environments
Takeo Hama, lunko Hama, and Nobuhiko Handa
1. Introduction ........................................... . . . 39
2. Estimation of Photosynthetic Rate by l3C Tracer Method. . . . . . . . . 40
2.1. Principle ............................................ 40
2.2. Calculation of Atomic % Excess (Time-Zero Blank or
Nonenriched Blank) ................................ . . . 47
ix
x Contents
2.3. Correction of Dark Uptake ............................. 47
2.4. Discrimination of I3C ................................. 48
2.5. Enrichment Effect .................................... 48
2.6. Instrument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.7. Sample Volume ...................................... 51
2.8. Comparison with 14C Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.9. Other Methodological Problems ......................... 54
3. Results of I3C Tracer Method ............................... 55
3.1. Background ......................................... 55
3.2. Application Results ................................... 55
4. Combination of I3C Tracer Technique with Other Methods ....... 56
4.1. Combination with 15N Tracer Method .................... 56
4.2. I3C-GC-MS Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3. Gel Filtration ........................................ 69
5. Application of I3C Tracer Method to Aquatic Food Web ......... 73
5.1. Background ......................................... 73
5.2. Application Results ................................... 74
6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
References ............................................... 78
Chapter 3
Sex in Ciliates
Fernando Dini and Dennis Nyberg
1. Introduction .............................................. 85
2. The Discovery of Sex in Ciliates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.1. Conjugation ......................................... 88
2.2. Autogamy and Other Sexual Variations ................... 92
2.3. The Life Cycle of Ciliates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3. The Species Concept and Sex ............................... 98
3.1. Morphospecies ....................................... 98
3.2. The Genetic Species Paradigm .......................... 100
3.3. Taxonomic Complexity in Marine Euplotes ................ 103
3.4. Ciliate Species Are Underclassified ...................... 109
4. Breeding Systems and the Species Problem .................... 114
5. How Breeding Systems Affect the Practice of Genetics
in Ciliates ............................................... 118
5.1. Wild Stocks and Their Culture .......................... 118
5.2. Mating-Type Determination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119
5.3. Genetics and Breeding Biology Specific to Species Groups. .. 120
Contents xi
6. The Timing of Sex in Ciliates ............................... 122
6.1. Environmental Cues .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 123
6.2. Internal Cues ........................................ 124
7. Communication between Cells for Sexual Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 126
8. Breeding System Theory and Ecological Associations ........... 129
8.1. Ideas about Sex and Breeding Systems ................... 130
8.2. Natural History of Sex and Breeding Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 134
8.3. Ecological Attributes Associated with Breeding System
Differences .......................................... 135
8.4. Heterozygosity and Genetic Geography of Breeding
Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 136
8.5. Concluding Remarks .................................. 137
9. Laboratory Investigations of Sexual Alternatives ................ 137
9.1. Growth Rates and Hybridity ............................ 137
9.2. Dynamics of Mating-Type Alleles in Laboratory
Populations .......................................... 138
9.3. Investigating Breeding Systems in Laboratory Populations ... 139
References ............................................... 142
Chapter 4
Microbial Ecology in Lake Cis6
Carlos Pedr6s-Ali6 and Ricardo Guerrero
1. Introduction .............................................. 155
1.1. Why Study Microbial Ecology in Lake Cis6? .............. 155
1.2. Taxonomy, Size, and Trophic Role. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 157
1.3. A Brief Description of the Lake ......................... 158
1.4. A Note about Sampling ................................ 159
2. Taxonomy ............................................... 160
2.1. General Assignment of Biomass to Taxa .................. 160
2.2. Seasonal Distribution of Organisms ...................... 164
2.3. Vertical Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 165
2.4. Microdistribution through the Diel Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 167
3. Size .................................................... 169
3.1. Size Structure of Communities .......................... 169
3.2. The Size Structure of Lake Cis6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 169
4. Trophic Roles ............................................ 172
4.1. Assigning Trophic Roles to Organisms ................... 173
4.2. Biomass Allocation to Trophic Groups ................... 173
4.3. Structure of the Food Web ............................. 175