Table Of ContentAdvances in Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy:
Number 100
Advances in
Ground-Source Heat
Pump Systems
Edited by
Simon J. Rees
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Contents
List ofcontributors xi
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xiii
Preface xix
1 An introductionto ground-source heatpumptechnology 1
S.J. Rees
1.1 Introduction tothe technology 1
1.2 Historical developments and industry growth 7
1.3 Current status andoutlook 18
References 23
Part One Closed-loop systems 27
2 Vertical borehole ground heat exchangerdesign methods 29
J.D. Spitler, M. Bernier
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Background:mathematical analysisof ground heat exchangers 30
2.3 Designmethodologiesdoverview 39
2.4 g-function-based methods 44
2.5 ASHRAEhandbookmethod 47
2.6 Improvements tothe ASHRAE sizing method 53
2.7 Designof hybrid ground-source heatpump systems 55
2.8 Conclusions andrecommended future work 56
References 57
3 Calculation ofborehole thermal resistance 63
S. Javed, J.D. Spitler
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Borehole resistance 67
3.3 Fluid-to-pipe wall resistance 69
3.4 Groutresistance 71
3.5 Internalfluid-to-fluidresistance 81
3.6 Effectiveborehole thermal resistance 84
3.7 Other heat exchanger types 87
vi Contents
3.8 Groundwater-filled boreholes 89
3.9 Conclusions 91
Nomenclature 91
Acknowledgment 93
References 93
4 In situ estimation of ground thermal properties 97
H.J.L. Witte
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Background anddevelopment 98
4.3 Testassumptions 103
4.4 Equivalence with pumping tests 103
4.5 Thermal responsetest in practice 104
4.6 Desktop study 104
4.7 Testboreholedesign and installation 105
4.8 Selecting test parameters 106
4.9 Testevaluation 107
4.10 Quality ofthe test result 109
4.11 Dealingwith problems 111
4.12 Summary 112
Symbols 113
References 113
5 Horizontal andcompact ground heat exchangers 117
S.J. Rees
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Shallow ground thermal properties 126
5.3 Horizontal heat exchanger designmethods 130
5.4 Advances inmodelling 134
5.5 Summary 150
References 152
6 Analytical methods forthermal analysis ofverticalground heat
exchangers 157
M. Li,K. Zhu, Z. Fang
6.1 Introduction 157
6.2 A frameworkfor analysis ofheat transfer inground heat
exchangers 160
6.3 Pure heat conduction solutions 165
6.4 Nonpure heat conductionsolutions 178
6.5 Conclusions 180
References 181
Contents vii
7 Energy geostructures 185
K. Soga, Y. Rui
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Energypiles 186
7.3 Energywalls 199
7.4 Energytunnels 208
7.5 Conclusions 217
References 218
Part Two Open-loop systems and energy storage 223
8 Surface waterheatpumpsystems 225
J.D. Spitler, M.S. Mitchell
8.1 Introduction 225
8.2 Designdata 226
8.3 Physics andmodelingof surfacewaterbodies 227
8.4 Open-loop systems: surface water heat pumps and direct
surfacewatercooling 231
8.5 Majorsystemcomponents 234
8.6 Closed-loop systems 238
8.7 Closed-loop design considerations 241
8.8 Conclusions 242
References 242
9 Open-loop heat pump and thermal energy storage systems 247
A.L. Snijders, B.C. Drijver
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 Site information and modelling 249
9.3 Designand construction 253
9.4 System operation 264
9.5 Evaluation 267
References 268
10 Standingcolumn wells 269
P. Pasquier, A. Nguyen, F. Eppner,D. Marcotte, P. Baudron
10.1 Introduction 269
10.2 Thermal andhydraulic simulation 273
10.3 Coupled geochemical simulation 281
10.4 Conclusions 289
Nomenclature 290
Acknowledgment 291
References 291
viii Contents
11 Borehole thermal energy storage 295
S. Gehlin
11.1 Introduction 295
11.2 Typical features of borehole thermal energy storage 298
11.3 Environmentalaspects 306
11.4 Worldwide boreholethermalenergy storage applications 308
11.5 Conclusions 321
References 322
Part Three Building integration and hybrid systems 329
12 Hybrid ground-source heatpump systems 331
Y. Kim, J.S.Lee,S.W. Jeon
12.1 The hybrid ground-source heat pump concept 331
12.2 Hybridground-source heat pump system types 333
12.3 Optimization ofhybrid ground-source heat pump 339
12.4 Efficiency and cost 351
12.5 Conclusion 354
Acknowledgment 355
References 355
13 New trends and developmentsin ground-source heat pumps 359
J.M. Corberan
13.1 Introduction 359
13.2 Ground-source heat pump performance 360
13.3 Compressors for ground-source heatpumps 366
13.4 New refrigerants 372
13.5 GSHP heat exchangers 376
13.6 Dual source heat pumps 380
13.7 Conclusion 381
References 383
14 Heat pump modelling 387
C.P. Underwood
14.1 Introduction 387
14.2 Steady-state modelling ofthe vapour compression cycle 389
14.3 Vapour absorption cycle 396
14.4 Regression models 402
14.5 Dynamic-statemodelling 405
14.6 Conclusions 415
Symbols 416
References 419
Contents ix
15 Geothermallyactivated building structures 423
L. Helsen
15.1 What aregeothermally activated building structures(GEOTABS)? 423
15.2 Geothermally activated building structures asa global system
concept 426
15.3 Buildingdesign asa crucialpart inthegeothermallyactivated
building structure concept 427
15.4 System integration 428
15.5 Advancesin (optimal)controlof geothermally activated building
structures 434
15.6 Model predictivecontrolof hybridGEOTABS systems:
a simulationstudy 436
15.7 Model predictivecontrolof geothermally activated building
structure offices: a case study 439
15.8 Optimalexploitation ofground thermal energy storage
on thelong term 442
15.9 Joining the forces of slow thermally activated building systems
and fast air handling units 446
15.10 Conclusions andoutlook 448
Acknowledgements 449
References 449
Index 453
