Table Of ContentAdvances in Material Research and Technology
Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies Editor
Advances in Energy
Materials
Advances in Material Research and Technology
Series Editor
Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies, Physics Department, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
ThisSeriescoverstheadvancesanddevelopmentsinawiderangeofmaterialssuch
as energy materials, optoelectronic materials, minerals, composites, alloys and
compounds, polymers, green materials, semiconductors, polymers, glasses, nano-
materials, magnetic materials, superconducting materials, high temperature mate-
rials, environmental materials, Piezoelectric Materials, ceramics, and fibers.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16426
Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies
Editor
Advances in Energy
Materials
123
Editor
ShadiaJamil Ikhmayies
Jabal El-Hussain
Amman, Jordan
ISSN 2662-4761 ISSN 2662-477X (electronic)
Advances in MaterialResearch andTechnology
ISBN978-3-030-50107-5 ISBN978-3-030-50108-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50108-2
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020
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Preface
Energymaterialsarethosematerialsthatcanbeusedinanytechnologytoproduce,
enhance,generate,convert,transmit,utilize,orstoreenergy.Theyincludematerials
used in photovoltaics, fuel cells, batteries, supercapacitors, thermoelectrics, hydro-
gentechnologies,andphasechangematerials.Energymaterialsarekeyroadblocks
to improve performance in a number of important energy technologies including
energystorageinbatteriesandsupercapacitors,andenergyconversionthroughsolar
cells, fuel cells, and thermoelectric devices. Since energy is a key issue of the
modern society, and the world-wide demand for energy is growing, this great
challengecanbemeetbyusingsustainable,efficient,andrenewableenergysources.
Hence, the development of energy materials is necessary for the development of
energy production, conversion, transmission, and storage technologies. That is,
without continuous advancement of energy materials and developments of new
ones, it is not possible to increase the performance of energy technologies. So,
continuous research is necessary to accelerate the advances in energy materials, to
haveenergytechnologiesofhigherperformanceandlowercost,andtoincreasethe
efficiency andimprove thesustainability ofenergy systems.
This book presents recent research on energy materials from various aspects,
synthesis of energy materials to energy storage devices, focusing on materials that
can potentially be used in the production of solar cells. It discusses in detail the
latest synthetic methods, processes, characterization methods, and applications of
materialslikeperovskitematerials,metalsulfides,metaloxides,nanomaterials,and
phase change materials. The book contains nine chapters which include funda-
mentalandrecentappliedresearchonthedesignofdifferentenergymaterialsused
in different forms of renewable energy conversion, harvesting, storage, and uti-
lization. Materials scientists, chemists, physicists, materials and renewable energy
engineers,peopleinindustry,inadditiontograduateandundergraduatestudentsin
physics, chemistry, and different branches of engineering will benefit from this
book. This book supplies the reader with the basic knowledge of applied research
andinnovationandprovideswiththerelevantinformationonthematerialsusedin
energy technologies, including background information on the technology itself.
v
vi Preface
Thefirstthreechaptersofthebooksharearelationshipwiththematerialsthatare
usedinthemanufactureofsolarcells.Thefirstchapterentitled“StudiesonSynthesis
andVariousCharacteristicsofGreenMaterialsforEnergyConversionApplications”
byRanjanaJhaetal.focusesonthegreenmaterials,wherevariousgreenmaterials
andtheirsynthesistechniqueshavebeendiscussedindetails.Theprimaryfocusof
thischapteristousegreenmaterialsforenergydevices.Thesecondchapterentitled
“Advancement in CdIn Se /CdTe Based Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells” by
2 4
SubhashChanderdealswiththepreparationofcadmiumindiumchalcogenidethin
filmsfromaqueousmediumbythesimpleandcost-effectivespraypyrolysismethod,
and the consequent use of the produced films in heterojunction solar cell applica-
tions. The third chapter entitled “Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films by Chemical Bath
Deposition Technique” by M. S. Aida and S. Hariech describes the usefulness of
chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique—which is a low cost method—to pro-
duce high quality thin films of cadmium sulfide for large-scale applications. The
fundamentalsofCBDweredescribedwithemphasisongrowthmechanismsandthe
influence ofkey parameters on thefilms.
Thefourthchapterentitled“DevelopmentoftheConceptofaSpheroidalShape
Anode for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell” by Bogdan Vasyliv and Viktoriya Podhurska
presents a calculation of stress and strain distributions in the YSZ–NiO spheroidal
shape anode-substrate for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) under the pressure of an
operatingenvironmentusing thefiniteelement analysis.Theauthorscomparedthe
features of the spheroidal shape anode with those of the cylindrical shape anode.
They also suggested the radii ranges for the cylindrical and spheroidal parts of the
anode ensuring its improved deformation resistance and more uniform stress
distribution.
The next two chapters share a relationship with nanomaterials based photo-
voltaics. The fifth chapter entitled “Advances in Nano-Materials Used in
Photovoltaic/Thermal Systems” by Ali H. A. Al-Waeli and Hussein A. Kazem
presents classifications of PV/T systems, principles, and performance. The chapter
provides a case study of three different PV/T systems which are; nanofluid and
nano-phase change material (nano-PCM) based PV/T, a water-based PV/T with a
PCM tank, and water-based PV/T with water tank. The findings show overall
improvement in thermophysical properties as nanoparticles are added to the base
fluid (water) and phase change material (PCM). Moreover, highest performance is
attributed to the nanofluid and nano-PCM based PV/T system. The sixth chapter
entitled“SiQuantumDotsforNext-GenerationSolarEnergyHarvester”byMrinal
Dutta focuses on the progress and growth of Si quantum dots (QDs) based pho-
tovoltaicdeviceswiththesynthesistechniquesaswellasthebroadrangeemission
properties of these Si QDs. The author discussed the issues related to p-type and
n-type doping of these QDs, reported the performances of several photovoltaic
devices,anddiscussedseveralroutesforoptimizingtheperformanceoftheseSiQD
cells.
Theseventhandeighthchaptersarerelatedtoperovskitematerialsandtheiruse
in energy harvesting and energy storage. The seventh chapter entitled “Progress in
GrowthandDevelopmentofPerovskite SingleCrystals andTheir PotentialUsein
Preface vii
the Future Devices” by Mrinal Dutta and Aishik Basu Mallick provides recent
research and elaborated discussion on the growth of perovskite single crystals by
different growth techniques, and the fascinating properties of these perovskites
single crystals. In addition, the authors focus on the applications of these single
crystals in energy harvesting and high energy radiation detection. The eighth
chapterentitled“PerovskiteOxidesasAdvancedEnergyMaterialsforSolidOxide
Fuel Cell and Supercapacitor Applications” by P. Muhammed Shafi presents a
detailed explanation of the crystallographic structures and physiochemical proper-
ties of the ABO -type perovskite oxides (where A and B are cations of different
3
atomicandmassnumbers).Itfocusesontheapplicationstowardanionicaswellas
cationic storage mechanism for the supercapacitor electrodes and towards all the
three components (cathode, anode, and electrolyte) of solid oxide fuel cells
(SOFCs).
Finally, the ninth chapter entitled “Phase Change Materials” by Rabab Jarrar
discusses the main types of Phase change materials (PCMs) with their advantages
and disadvantages. It presents some of the efforts made to overcome the disad-
vantagesduringthelastthreedecadesandthosemadetoimprovetheirperformance
and to demonstrate their most common thermal applications.
Amman, Jordan Shadia Jamil Ikhmayies
Contents
Studies on Synthesis and Various Characteristics of Green Materials
for Energy Conversion Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ranjana Jha, Medha Bhushan, and Rekha Bhardwaj
Advancement in CdIn Se /CdTe Based Photoelectrochemical
2 4
Solar Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Subhash Chander
Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition
Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
M. S. Aida and S. Hariech
Development of the Concept of a Spheroidal Shape Anode
for a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Bogdan Vasyliv and Viktoriya Podhurska
Advances in Nano-Materials Used in Photovoltaic/Thermal
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Ali H. A. Al-Waeli and Hussein A. Kazem
Si Quantum Dots for Next-Generation Solar Energy
Harvester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Mrinal Dutta
Progress in Growth and Development of Perovskite Single Crystals
and Their Potential Use in the Future Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Mrinal Dutta and Aishik Basu Mallick
PerovskiteOxidesasAdvancedEnergyMaterialsforSolidOxideFuel
Cell and Supercapacitor Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
P. Muhammed Shafi
Phase Change Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Rabab Jarrar
ix
Studies on Synthesis and Various
Characteristics of Green Materials
for Energy Conversion Applications
RanjanaJha,MedhaBhushan,andRekhaBhardwaj
Abstract Energyhasbecomeoneofthemajorconcernsofthetwenty-firstcentury
because of the social progress and development in human standard of living.
The requirement for energy is increasing constantly, even though conventional
combustion-based energy will keep on playing a leading role in gathering our
demands in near future. The impending scarcity, rising price and increasing envi-
ronmentalpollutionoffossilfuelsareapproachinghumanstobuildupsustainable,
low-cost and clean energy. Sustainable development is integrity of multidiscipline
thought combining social, environmental and economical aspects to build a live-
ablehumansystem.Thesustainabledevelopmentcanbedonebysynthesizinggreen
materials. Green materials hold exceptional physical and chemical properties and
arefoundinnatureinplenty,non-toxicandcost-effective.Thischapterfocuseson
greenmaterialsoriginatingfromtheprinciplestoreduceoreliminatethehazardous
substances in synthesis of chemical products. At fundamental level, researches in
greenmaterialscreatealternativestoconventionalmaterialsorprocessthatpresent
an ecological benefit. So, it deals with the description of cost-effective and low-
temperature-basedsynthesiswhichinvolveshandlingofnon-toxicelements.Green
materialscanbeusefulforavarietyoffieldssuchasinscienceandtechnologyfor
energy, construction of buildings, pollution management, engineering applications
and materials science. Green materials can be synthesized with the aim of energy
production.
· · ·
Keywords Sustainabledevelopment Greenmaterials Synthesis
·
Characteristics Cleanenergy
B
R.Jha( )
ResearchLabforEnergySystems,DepartmentofPhysics,NetajiSubhasUniversityof
Technology,NewDelhi110078,India
e-mail:[email protected]
M.Bhushan·R.Bhardwaj
ResearchLabforEnergySystems,DepartmentofPhysics,NetajiSubhasInstituteofTechnology,
UniversityofDelhi,NewDelhi110078,India
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 1
S.J.Ikhmayies(ed.),AdvancesinEnergyMaterials,
AdvancesinMaterialResearchandTechnology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50108-2_1
