Advances in distillation retrofit

220 Pages·2017·9.527 MB·English

by  Nguyen Van Duc Long, Moonyong Lee

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Advances in Distillation Retro t
Nguyen Van Duc Long · Moonyong Lee
Advances in Distillation
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Retro t
NguyenVanDucLong MoonyongLee
SchoolofChemicalEngineering SchoolofChemicalEngineering
YeungnamUniversity YeungnamUniversity
Gyeongsan Gyeongsan
SouthKorea SouthKorea
ISBN 978-981-10-5899-8 ISBN 978-981-10-5901-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-981-10-5901-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017954336
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2017
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Preface
As a thermal separation method, distillation is considered the most important and
mature separation technology in the chemical process industry. While this unit
operation has many advantages, one major drawback is its large energy require-
ment, which significantly influence the overall plant profitability. Therefore, the
increasing cost of energy has forced industry to reduce its energy consumption. In
addition, many processes are required to increase capacity due to an increase of
demand. To accomplish these tasks, retrofit of distillation processes become an
important issue. To carry out effectively retrofit, an innovation solution is the use
of advanced process integration and process intensification techniques, which has
been a rapid growth in technological and commercial opportunities. In particular,
multi-effect distillation, heat pump assisted distillation are the best examples of
proven process integration technology, whereas thermally coupled distillation
sequence (TCDS), dividing wall column (DWC), and reactive distillation are the
best examples of proven process intensification technology in distillation because
they have significantly lower investment and operating costs while also reducing
theequipmentandcarbonfootprint.
How can one decide quickly what techniques and whether they are good pro-
cess concepts for distillation retrofit? This field requires a book that will capture
anaccurate snapshotregarding thefieldandprovideaninsightful review toallthe
key techniques in the revolution in distillation retrofit. Considering that there are
alreadybooksdealingwithknownandbasicissueindistillation,thisbookaimsto
provide the readers with some issues related to retrofit of distillation using
advanced distillation techniques, emphasizing the use of multi-effect distillation,
heat pump assisted distillation, TCDS, DWC, reactive distillation, and innovative
hybrid systems, which have not been comprehensively discussed in the published
books. Rather than prepare a textbook on advanced distillation in the usual and
traditional format, the authors consideredwriting a book that highlighted concepts
andpracticalapplicationsratherthantheory.
This book presents a comprehensive review of contemporary advanced techni-
ques employed for enhancing the distillation process with the purpose is bridge
the gap between developers of advanced distillation design procedures and those
v
vi Preface
ultimately use them. Thus this book is a source of information for undergraduate
and postgraduate students of chemical engineering, practicing process designers
andchemicalengineers.
Several companies supported our work. In particular we would like to thank
Samsung BP Chemicals, Samsung Cheil Industries, SKC, LG Chemical, and
KOGAS.
NguyenVanDucLong
MoonyongLee
List of Abbreviations and Greek Letters
Abbreviations
A Area[ft2]
ABDWC Azeotropicbottomdividingwallcolumn
BDWC Bottomdividingwallcolumn
BC Barecost[$]
BMC Updatedbaremodulecost[$]
C Ethane
2
C Propane
3
C5+ Gasoline
CD Coordinatedecentmethodology
CE Cellulosicethanol
CO Carbondioxide
2
COP Coefficientofperformance
C Costofthesteam[$]
steam
C Costofcoolingwater[$]
CW
C Costofelectricity[$]
electricity
C Costofrefrigeration[$]
refrigeration
CGCC Columngrandcompositecurve
D Diameter[ft]
DWC Dividingwallcolumn
DWPC Dividingwallprefractionatorconfiguration
E Overallefficiency[%]
o
E Murphreestageefficiency[%]
MV
ECMD EnhancedCapacityMultipleDowncomer
ETDWC Extractivetopdividingwallcolumn
EPC Engineering,procurementandconstruction
F Feedflow[kg/hr]
FEED Front-endengineeringdesign
vii
viii ListofAbbreviationsandGreekLetters
FL Liquidflow[kg/hr]
FV Vaporflow[kg/hr]
FTCDC Fullythermallycoupleddistillationcolumn
h Enthalpy[kJ/kg]
HP Highpressure
iC Isobutane
4
K Distributioncoefficient
L Length[ft]
LLE Liquid-liquidequilibrium
LP Lowpressure
MD MultipleDowncomer
MF Modulefactor
MPF Materialandpressurefactor
MVR Mechanicalvaporrecompression
N Numberoftrays
nBuOH Normalbutylalcohol
NGL Naturalgasliquid
nC Normalbutane
4
NRTL Nonrandomtwo-liquid
Op Operatingcost[$]
P Totalvaporpressureofthesolution
p Partialpressureofcomponentiinthevapor
i
p′ Vaporpressureofpurecomponenti
i
PSA Pressureswingadsorption
PFMD ParallelFlowMultipleDowncomer
q Feedthermalcondition
R Refluxratio
RDWC Reactivedividingwallcolumn
RSM Responsesurfacemethodology
R2 Coefficientofdetermination
S Areaoftheheatexchanger[ft2]
SSC Sidestreamcolumn
T Temperature[oC]
TSA Temperatureswingadsorption
TAC Totalannualcost[$]
TCDS Thermallycoupleddistillationsequence
TCEDS-SR Thermallycoupledextractivedistillationsequences
TCRDS Thermallycoupledreactivedistillationsequence
TDWC Topdividingwallcolumn
VC Vaporcompression
VLE Vapor-liquidequilibrium
x Compositionofcomponentiintheliquidphase
i
y Compositionofcomponentiinthevaporphase
i
ListofAbbreviationsandGreekLetters ix
UF Updatefactor
UNIQUAC Universalquasi-chemical
ΔT Temperaturedifference
Greek letters
γ Liquidactivitycoefficient
µ Chemicalpotentialofcomponenti
i
α Relativevolatility
λ Latentheat[kJ/kg]
Contents
1 Introduction............................................ 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................ 1
1.2 DistillationFundamentalsandPrinciples................... 1
1.2.1 VaporPressure ................................ 2
1.2.2 Vapor-LiquidEquilibrium ........................ 4
1.2.3 DewPointandBubblePoint ...................... 5
1.2.4 EquilibriumFlashCalculations .................... 6
1.3 DistillationDesign ................................... 7
1.3.1 ShortcutMethods............................... 7
1.3.2 RigorousMethods.............................. 8
1.4 DistillationSimulation ................................ 8
1.4.1 AzeotropeSearch............................... 8
1.4.2 PhysicalPropertyMethods........................ 9
1.4.3 BinaryParameters .............................. 10
1.5 DistillationProcessRetrofit/RevampandDebottlenecking...... 10
1.5.1 ProcessIntegration.............................. 12
1.5.2 ProcessIntensification........................... 13
1.5.3 CombinationofHeatIntegrationandProcess
Intensification ................................. 14
1.6 ConcludingRemarks ................................. 15
References ............................................. 15
2 RetrofitandDebottleneckingbyModifyingColumnInternal ..... 17
2.1 Introduction ........................................ 17
2.2 TypesofColumnInternal.............................. 18
2.2.1 Trays........................................ 18
2.2.2 Packings ..................................... 19
2.2.3 ColumnInternalPerformances..................... 20
2.2.4 CriteriaforSelectionofVapor-LiquidContactors....... 23
2.3 RetrofitandDebottleneckingbyModifyingColumnInternal.... 24
2.3.1 UsingHighCapacity/EfficiencyTrays............... 24
xi