Advances in biodiesel production: Processes and technologies

301 Pages·2012·13.423 MB·English

by  Rafael Luque, Juan Antonio Melero

Advances in biodiesel production
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 39
Advances in biodiesel
production
Processes and technologies
Edited by
Rafael Luque and Juan A. Melero
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
www.woodheadpublishingonline.com

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ISBN 978-0-85709-117-8 (print)
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ISSN 2044-9372 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy (online)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents
Contributor contact details ix
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xiii
1 Introduction to advanced biodiesel production 1
R. LU QUE , Universidad de Córdoba, Spain and J. A. ME LERO ,
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Processes and technologies for advanced biodiesel production 3
1.3 New feedstocks for second generation biodiesel production 5
1.4 Glycerol as by-product of biodiesel production 7
1.5 Conclusions and outlook 7
1.6 Acknowledgements 8
1.7 References 8
Part I Fundamental issues and assessment in
advanced biodiesel production 11
2 Life cycle sustainability assessment of second
generation biodiesel 13
H. K. J ESWANI and A. A ZAPAGIC , The University of Manchester, UK
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Environmental sustainability of biodiesel 14
2.3 Socio-economic sustainability of biodiesel 24
2.4 Conclusions and future trends 28
2.5 Acknowledgements 28
2.6 Sources of further information and advice 29
2.7 References 29
3 Socio-economic, environmental and policy
perspectives of advanced biodiesel production 32
C. D E LU CIA , Duke University, USA and B. D ATTA , University
of York, UK
3.1 Introduction 32
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
vi Contents
3.2 Socio-economic, environmental and policy limitations
of fi rst generation biodiesels 34
3.3 Economic potential and limitations of second and
third generation biodiesels 42
3.4 New impacts on energy security 48
3.5 New impacts on land and food safety 50
3.6 Effects on international trade and sustainable development 54
3.7 What are the right policies for next generation biodiesels? 58
3.8 Conclusions 61
3.9 References 65
4 Feedstocks for advanced biodiesel production 69
S. P INZI and M. P ILAR D ORADO , Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Feedstocks for fi rst generation biodiesel 70
4.3 Feedstocks for second generation biodiesel 70
4.4 Other feedstocks for biodiesel production 76
4.5 Feedstocks for advanced biodiesel production 78
4.6 Future trends: the biorefi nery concept 82
4.7 Acknowledgements 83
4.8 References 83
5 Advances in biodiesel quality control, characterisation
and standards development 91
A. C ARRERO , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain and A. Pérez,
Universidad de Castilla la Mancha, Spain
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Characterisation, analysis techniques and quality
control of feedstocks 93
5.3 Characterisation, analysis techniques and quality
control of biodiesel 98
5.4 Development of standards for biodiesel quality and use 106
5.5 Future trends 114
5.6 References 123
Part II Advanced biodiesel production processes
and technologies 131
6 Advances in biodiesel catalysts and processing
technologies 133
M. M ITTELBACH , University of Graz, Austria
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Current production technology for biodiesel 134
6.3 New types of catalysts 136
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents vii
6.4 Innovative reaction conditions 140
6.5 Advanced biodiesel reactor design 142
6.6 Production of biodiesel with simultaneous derivation of glycerol 146
6.7 In situ transesterifi cation 148
6.8 Conclusions 149
6.9 References 149
7 Biodiesel from waste oils and fats 154
J. I GLESIAS and G. M ORALES , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
7.1 Introduction 154
7.2 Waste oils and fats 155
7.3 Technology for biodiesel production from waste lipids 159
7.4 Advantages and limitations 170
7.5 Concluding remarks and future trends 173
7.6 References 173
8 Biodiesel from microbial oil 179
L. F. BA UTISTA and G. V ICENTE Universidad Rey Juan Carlos,
Spain and V. GA RRE , Universidad de Murcia, Spain
8.1 Introduction 179
8.2 Heterotrophic microorganisms for oil production 180
8.3 Carbon sources for microorganism production 182
8.4 Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microorganisms 188
8.5 Suitability of biodiesel 193
8.6 Enhancement of microbial oil production 194
8.7 Conclusions and future trends 196
8.8 References 197
9 Microalgae processing for biodiesel production 204
T. M. M ATA and A. A. M ARTINS , Faculty of Engineering of the
University of Porto (FEUP), Portugal and N. S. CA ETANO , School
of Engineering of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto (IPP), Portugal
9.1 Introduction 204
9.2 Microalgae biomass downstream processing 205
9.3 Cell disruption methods 208
9.4 Lipids extraction from microalgae 213
9.5 Advanced biodiesel production from microalgae 220
9.6 Process integration: the biorefi nery concept 223
9.7 Conclusions 225
9.8 References 226
10 Valorization of the glycerol by-product of
biodiesel production 232
C. J. A. M OTA , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
10.1 Introduction 232
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
viii Contents
10.2 Composition and purifi cation of glycerol produced
from biodiesel 233
10.3 Applications and valorization of glycerol 234
10.4 Advantages and limitations of the use of crude glycerol
from biodiesel production 247
10.5 Future trends 248
10.6 Sources of further information 250
10.7 References 251
Appendix: Supply chains, techno-economic assessment
and market development for second generation biodiesel 254
D. M. Y AZAN , J. C LANCY , and J. C. LO VETT , University of Twente, Netherlands
A1.1 Introduction 254
A1.2 Second generation biodiesel supply chains 257
A1.3 Enterprise input–output model for second generation
biodiesel supply chain analysis 260
A1.4 Emerging second generation biodiesel feedstock
markets and their coordination 270
A1.5 Discussion 275
A1.6 Conclusions and future trends 277
A1.7 References 278
A1.8 Appendix: computation of bargaining power
and willingness to cooperate 280
Index 281
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contributor contact details
(* = main contact)
Editors and Chapter 1 Chapter 3
Dr Rafael Luque Dr Caterina De Lucia*
Department of Organic Chemistry Nicholas School of the Environment
Universidad de Córdoba Duke University
Campus de Rabanales 450 Research Drive
E-14014 Campus Box 90328
Córdoba Durham, NC
Spain USA
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] ;
[email protected]
Professor Juan Antonio Melero
Department of Chemical and Dr Bipasa Datta
Environmental Technology Department of Economics
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos University of York
C/ Tulipán s/n. E–28933 Heslington
Móstoles York
Madrid YO10 5DD
Spain UK
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Chapter 2 Chapter 4
Dr Harish K. Jeswani and Professor Dr Sara Pinzi and Professor Maria
Adisa Azapagic* Pilar Dorado*
School of Chemical Engineering and Dept. Physical Chemistry and
Analytical Science Applied Thermodynamics
Room C16, The Mill Edifi cio Leonardo da Vinci
Sackville Street Campus de Rabanales
The University of Manchester Universidad de Córdoba
Manchester M13 9PL 14071 Córdoba
UK Spain
E-mail: [email protected] ; E-mail: [email protected] ; qf1pinps@
[email protected] uco.es
ix
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012