Table Of ContentAtmospheric Remote Sensing
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A. Ansmann . R. Neuber
P. Rairoux . U. Wandinger (Eds.)
Advances
in Atmospheric
Remote Sensing
with lidar
Selected Papers
of the 18th International Laser Radar Conference
(lLRC), Berlin, 22-26 July 1996
With 347 Figures and 44 Tables
, Springer
Dr. Albert Ansmann
Dr. Ulla Wandinger
Institut fur Tropospharenforschung
PermoserstraBe 15
D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
Dr. Roland Neuber
Dr. Patrick Rairoux
Alfred-Wegener-Institut fur Polar-und Meeresforschung
Forschungsstelle Potsdam
Telegrafenberg A43
D-14473 Potsdam, Germany
Cover picture: The Einstein Tower in Potsdam. Built in 1924 by architect E. Mendelsohn, this Sun telescope
was originally used for tests of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. During the last 50 years it has been
continuously employed to observe the magnetic fields of the Sun.
L1brary of Congress Cataloging-tn-Publicat1on Data
Internattonal Laser Radar Conference <19th 1996: Berl1n. Gerraany)
Advances 1n aUospher 1c rUleta sens Ing with ltdar se 1e cted
papers of the 18th Internat 1D na 1 Laser Radar Conference (ILRC).
Berlin 22-26 .July 1996 I Albert Ansmann ... (at al.l (ads,),
p. c •.
Inc 1u das b1b 11 ograph 1c a 1 references.
1. Atlosphere--Laser observatlons--Congresses. 2. Atllospherfc
phys 1c s--R8IIote sans f ng--CongresSBs. 3. Opt fea 1 radar
-Observat 1o ns--Congresses. 4. Troposphere--Obs8I"vat Io ns-
-Congresses. 5. Stra tosphere--Observa t 1o ns--Congresses.
S. Mesosphere--Observat 1o ns--Congresses. I. Ansrunn. Albert.
II. T1tle.
CC976. L36I5e 1996
661.5' 028' 7--dc21 96-44010
CIP
ISBN-13: 978-3-540-61887-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-60612-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-60612-0
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Preface
The International Laser Radar Conference (ILRC) which takes place every two
years is the most important international meeting of the lidar (light detection
and ranging) community. The Freie Universitiit Berlin and the Alfred Wege
ner Institut Potsdam were the host institutions of the 18th ILRC, held at the
Henry Ford Center in Berlin, Germany, from 22nd to 26th July, 1996. Almost
300 scientists from 25 countries had been attracted by this international event
and discussed, on the basis of 101 oral and 150 poster presentations, the la
test technological developments of the technique as well as recent atmospheric
and environmental applications of well-established and new lidar methods. As a
highlight, 17 papers on LITE (Lidar In-space Technology Experiment), a three
wavelength lidar that was flown aboard the US space shuttle Discovery, were
given; with LITE the lidar community achieved their first measurements from
an Earth orbit.
From the presentations at the conference 141 have been selected for inclusion in
this volume. This is the first time that the ILRC proceedings have been published
as a book. The selected four-page versions of the contributions are believed
to be a good compromise between an abstract and a full-size paper, allowing
the authors to communicate their major research findings to the scientific and
technical communities in a timely and yet substantive fashion. All contributions
have passed a double peer-review process. It is a pleasant duty of the editors
to acknowledge the assistance rendered by many colleagues who responded with
time and effort to review the numerous manuscripts.
The book is divided into six parts covering the following topics: tropospheric
aerosols and clouds, lidar in space, wind, water vapor, tropospheric trace gases
and plumes, and stratospheric and mesospheric profiling.
We believe that, 20 years after the publication of the well-known Springer book
Laser Monitoring of the Atmosphere, edited by E. D. Hinkley, it is time to offer
a compact volume in which the new status of atmospheric laser remote sensing
is described. As a supplement to available basic lidar textbooks this volume may
serve interested scientists, engineers, and graduate students as a guide through
the wide field of modern lidar techniques and their applications in atmospheric
and environmental research.
The editors wish to thank the Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, the
Alfred Wegener Institut Potsdam, the Freie Universitiit Berlin, and the European
Commission, Bruxelles, for their strong support and the staff of Springer-Verlag
for their help in producing this volume.
Albert Ansmann Roland Neuber Patrick Rairoux Ulla Wandinger
v
Program Committee of the 18th ILRC
A. Ansmann, Chairman R. Neuber
J. Basenberg* J. Pelon*
W. Carnuth C. M. Platt*
A. I. Carswell* P. Rairoux
G. Ehret W. Renger*
G. Fiocco* O. Schrems
P. H. Flamant* L. Stefanutti*
C. Flesia B. Stein
C. S. Gardner* U. Wandinger
R. M. Hardesty* K. Weber
R. M. HoW C. Weitkamp
H. Hu* C. Werner
H. Jager M. Wiegner
T. Kobayashi* L. Waste
M. P. McCormick** J.-P. Wolf
S. H. Melfi* V. E. Zuev*
** Chairman of the Intern. Commission on Lasers in Atmos. Sciences (ICLAS)
* ICLAS member
Organizing Committee of the 18th ILRC
R. Neuber, Chairman B. Stein
P. Rairoux, Chairman M. Ulbricht
L. Waste, Conference Chairman P. von der Gathen
A. Ansmann U. Wandinger
J. Basenberg C. Wedekind
V. Klein C. Werner
B. Mielke
VII
Contents
Part I Tropospheric Aerosols and Clouds
Depolarization and Backscatter Lidar
for Unattended Operation
C. J. Grund, S. P. Sandberg ............................................ 3
Micro Pulse Lidar for Aerosol and Cloud Measurement
H. S. Lee, I. H. Hwang, J. D. Spinhirne, V. S. Scott ..................... 7
A Compact, Eye-Safe Lidar Based on Optical Parametric
Oscillators for Remote Aerosol Sensing
T. Kobayashi, Y. Enomoto, D. Hua, C. Galvez, T. Taira ............... 11
Study of the Boundary Layer Structure over the Paris
Agglomeration as Observed During the ECLAP Experiment
1. Menut, C. Flamant, J. Pelon, R. Valentin, P. H. Flamant,
E. Dupont, B. Carissimo .............................................. 15
Aerosol Optical Properties in the Urban Mixing Layer
Studied by Polarization Lidar with Meteorological Data
T. Murayama, M. Furushima, A. Oda, N. Iwasaka ..................... 19
Raman Lidar and Sun Photometer Measurements
of Aerosols and Water Vapor
R. A. Ferrare, S. H. Melfi, D. Whiteman, K. D. Evans,
G. Schwemmer, Y. Kaufman, R. Ellingson ............................. 23
Raman Lidar and Doppler Sodar Observations
of the Nocturnal Urban Boundary Layer at Rome, Italy,
During 1994 and 1995
S. Casadio, A. di Sarra, D. Fua, M. P. Rao, G. Fiocco ................. 27
Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure over the
Mediterranean During a Tramontane Event:
Evidence of Gravity Waves Influence
C. Flamant, J. Pelon .................................................. 31
Ship-Board Lidar Sensing of the Mixed Layer over the Sea
S. Yamagishi, H. Yamanouchi, M. Tsuchiya ............................ 35
IX
Inference of AtnlOspheric Boundary Layer Water Vapor
and Temperature Profiles over the Ocean
U sing Airborne Lidar Data
S. P. Palm, D. Hagan, G. Schwemmer, S. H. Melfi ..................... 39
Specific Features of the Aerosol Fields Vertical Structure
Formation as Observed over the City of Tomsk
in Summer 1995
Y. S. Balin, A. D. Ershov ............................................. 43
Assessment of the Oceanic Surface Reflectance
by Airborne Lidar to Improve a Stable Inversion Technique
v. Trouillet, P. Chazette, J. Pelon, C. Flamant ........................ 47
Aerosol Extinction Measurements with Lidar
at 10.6 and 1.5 I'm
A. Hagard, R. Persson ................................................ 51
Comparison of Aerosol Measurements by Lidar
and In Situ Methods in the Pacific Basin Troposphere
J. Redemann, R. P. Turco, R. F. Pueschel, E. V. Browell, W. B. Grant .55
Imaginary Refractive Index of Aerosol Derived from
Simultaneous Measurements with Lidar and OPC
H. Hu, Z. Wang, J. Zhou .............................................. 59
Multiple-Wavelength Aerosol Lidar
D. Muller, D. Althausen, U. Wandinger, A. Ansmann .................. 63
Mollifier Methods for Aerosol Size Distribution
C. Bockmann, J. Niebsch .............................................. 67
Construction of a Multi-wavelength Lidar System
for Satellite Data Atmospheric Correction
N. Takeuchi, H. Kuze, Y. Sakurada, T. Takamura, S. Murata,
K. Abe, S. Moody ..................................................... 71
LOWTRAN7 Simulation of a Multi-wavelength Lidar
Applied to the Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Data
H. Kuze, Q. Min, Y. Sakurada, T. Takamura, N. Takeuchi ............. 75
Three-Dimensional Images of Cirrus Clouds
Derived from Volume Imaging Lidar Observations
A. K. Piironen, E. W. Eloranta ........................................ 79
Measurements of Cirrus Cloud Optical Properties and
Particle Size with the University of Wisconsin
High Spectral Resolution Lidar
E. W. Eloranta, P. Piironen ........................................... 83
x
Radiative IIllpact of Cirrus at Meso-scale Using a l-D
Radiative Transfer Model and Ground-Based Lidar,
Ground-Based RadioIlleters, and Satellite Data
S. Elouragini, J. Pelon, P. H. Flamant ................................. 87
Monitoring of Cirrus, Clouds and Planetary Boundary Layer
in Southern HeIllisphere at Buenos Aires (34.6 S, 58.5 W)
for CliIllate Application
M. Lavorato, J. Fochesatto, E. Quel, P. H. Flamant, J. Pelon .......... 91
Observation of AnoIllalous RaIllan Scattering
Associated with Clouds
S. H. Melfi, J. Li, K. D. Evans, R. A. Ferrare, D. N. Whiteman,
G. Schwemmer ........................................................ 95
Non-siIllultaneous MeasureIllent of Multiple-Field-of-View
Lidar Returns in Clouds: TiIlle Correlation Lengths
G. Roy, L. R. Bissonnette ............................................. 99
An IIllaging Lidar for Multiple Scattering MeasureIllents
G. Muscari, M. Cacciani, G. Giuliani, G. Fiocco ...................... 103
A Self-Directing Elastic Backscatter Lidar SysteIll
for Debris Cloud Tracking and Characterization
D. A. Clark, K. A. Dighe, T. W. Tunnell ............................. 107
NASA DC-8 Airborne Scanning Lidar SysteIll
N. B. Nielsen, E. E. Uthe, R. D. Kaiser, M. A. Tucker, J. E. Baloun,
J. G. Gorordo ........................................................ 111
PRN-cw Backscatter Lidar MeasureIllents
with a Powerful Narrowband Diode Laser
R. Matthey, V. Mitev, P. Weibel ..................................... 115
COIllparative Test of PRN-cw and /L-Joule-Pulsed
Total Backscatter Lidars
V. Mitev, A. Bukharin, R. Matthey, S. M. Pershin,
L. de Schoulepnikoff .................................................. 119
Effect of Signal DynaIllics: A COIllparative Study
Between PRN and Pulse IlluIllinated LIDAR SysteIlls
Y. Emery, C. Flesia .................................................. 123
SiIllulation of a Low Cost Correlation LIDAR
B. Bundschuh, D. Schneider, M. Grindel, E. Becker ................... 127
DaytiIlle MeasureIllents of the Lower AtIllosphere
with a Bistatic IIllaging Lidar
K. Meki, X. Li, F. Kobayashi, T. D. Kawahara, Y. Saito, A. Nomura .. 131
XI
Lidar Profile Deconvolution Algorithms
for Some Rectangular-Like Laser Pulse Shapes
T. N. Dreischuh, 1. L. Gurdev, D. V. Stoyanov ....................... 135
Part II Lidar in Space
The Flight of the Lidar In-Space Technology Experiment
(LITE)
M. P. McCormick .................................................... 141
LITE Observations of Anthropogenically Produced Aerosols
R. M. Hoff, K. B. Strawbridge ........................................ 145
Observations of Saharan Dust by LITE
K. A. Powell, C. R. Trepte, G. S. Kent ............................... 149
LITE Measurements of Biomass Burning Aerosols and
Comparisons with Correlative Airborne Lidar Measurements
of Multiple Scattering in the Planetary Boundary Layer
W. B. Grant, E. V. Browell, C. F. Butler, G. D. Nowicki .............. 153
LITE Measurements of Aerosols in the Stratosphere
and Upper Troposphere
G. S. Kent, M. T. Osborn, C. R. Trepte, K. M. Skeens ................ 157
Retrieval of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Parameters
from LITE and LASAL
G. Schwemmer, S. P. Palm, S. H. Melfi, K. D. Evans .................. 161
Correlative Measurements in Support of LITE
Using the Airborne Backscatter LIDAR ALEX
W. Renger, C. Kiemle, H.-G. Schreiber, M. Wirth, P. Moerl .......... 165
ESA-LITE: IROE Contribution to Ground Based LIDAR and
LITE Correlative Measurements
M. Morandi, L. Stefanutti, A. Matthews, B. Liley, S. Balestri,
F. Castagnoli, M. Del Guasta, V. Santacesaria, J. P. Wolf ............. 169
Southern Italy Correlative Lidar Measurements for LITE
G. Pappalardo, V. Cuomo, N. Spinelli, P. Di Girolamo, V. Berardi,
R. Bruzzese .......................................................... 173
LITE Surface Returns: Assessment and Applications
J. A. Reagan, H. Liu, T. W. Cooley .................................. 177
Calibration Methods for a Space Borne Backscatter Lidar
G. J. Kunz ........................................................... 181
XII
